Immigration Statuses and Their Influence on Service Provision, Access, and Use
Immigration Statuses and Their Influence on Service Provision, Access, and Use
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移民身份及其对服务提供、获取和使用的影响
DOI：
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发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Drachman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Drachman
虽然美国人口普查局不获取移民信息，但它确实提供了美国外国出生人口的统计数据。根据1970年美国人口普查，有9,619,302名外国出生的人居住在美国（美国人口普查局，1970年）。到1980年，有14,079,906名外国出生的人居住在美国（美国人口普查局，1980年），到1990年，居住在美国的外国出生的人数为19,767,316（美国人口普查局，1990年）。因此，从1970年到1980年，新移民人口增加了46%，从1980年到1990年增加了40.4%。一位人口统计学家指出，“移民到美国的人数已达到本世纪初以来从未达到的水平”（Bouvier, 1981，第1页），据估计，美国人口增长的33%至40%可归因于移民（Suro, 1991）。与本世纪初发生的大规模移民不同，当时大多数移民来自欧洲，而最近的新移民主要来自亚洲、西印度群岛、中美洲、中东、东欧和非洲。美国的亚洲和拉丁裔人口有了相当大的增长。在过去的十年中，亚洲人口增加了一倍多，拉丁裔人口增长了50%以上（Butterfield, 1991; Gonzalez, 1991）。许多新来者的居住模式也发生了变化。例如，1980年以前，亚裔美国人主要定居在加利福尼亚和夏威夷等少数几个州，以及纽约市、旧金山和洛杉矶等城市中心（Butterfield, 1991）。到20世纪80年代末，亚洲人口已经遍布全国，在一些州，这一人口的增长令人震惊。在新泽西州，亚裔美国人增加了162%，达到272521人；在德克萨斯州，亚裔美国人增加了165%，达到319459人；在罗德岛，亚裔美国人增加了245%，达到18325人；在阿拉巴马州，亚裔美国人增加了124%，达到22000人；在密西西比州，亚裔美国人增加了76%，达到13000人；在路易斯安那州，亚裔美国人增加了73%，达到41000人（Butterfield, 1991）。亚裔美国人在国籍、文化、种族、社会和经济背景等方面也各不相同。目前居住在美国的族群包括菲律宾人、中国人、越南人、韩国人、日本人、亚洲印度人、柬埔寨人、老挝人和太平洋岛民（Butterfield, 1991）。拉丁裔人口也很多样化，包括来自古巴、墨西哥、多米尼加共和国、智利、哥伦比亚、危地马拉、厄瓜多尔、尼加拉瓜和萨尔瓦多的人。像亚裔美国人一样，拉丁裔新移民遍布全国各地。新一波移民的文化和种族多样性反映在洛杉矶的一个区域，萨尔瓦多人、亚美尼亚人、菲律宾人、泰国人、希腊人、意大利人、越南人、来自斯里兰卡的泰米尔人以及来自墨西哥瓦哈卡省的米斯特克印第安人都住在几个街区内（Mydans, 1991）。因此，新一波移民的特点是文化、民族和种族的多样化，他们来自世界各地，在全国各地定居。新移民人口的增加在教育、政治和工作场所都很明显。在教育领域，一些地区学校入学人数的增加可归因于外国出生学生的涌入（Barron, 1991）。在政治舞台上，政客们竞相争取新选民的支持（Crossette, 1988）。在工作场所，美国劳工部估计，到21世纪初，移民将占劳动力新工人的22% （Johnston & Packer, 1987）。许多人将是20世纪70年代和80年代抵达美国的移民的成年子女。从1924年到1965年，移民到美国主要是基于国家起源配额制度，根据1924年的《移民法》，每个国家的年度配额限制为1890年人口普查中所列的居住在美国的该国出生的个人的3% （Briggs, 1984）。．．．
Although the U.S. Bureau of the Census does not obtain information on immigration, it does provide statistics on the foreign-born population in the United States. According to the 1970 U.S. census, 9,619,302 foreign-born individuals were residing in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970). By 1980, 14,079,906 foreign-born individuals were living in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980), and by 1990, the number of foreign-born people residing in the United States was 19,767,316 (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990). Therefore, the newcomer population increased 46 percent between 1970 and 1980 and 40.4 percent between 1980 and 1990. One demographer stated, "Immigration to the United States has reached levels not attained since early in this century" (Bouvier, 1981, p. 1), and it is estimated that 33 percent to 40 percent of the nation's population growth is attributable to immigration (Suro, 1991). Unlike the mass migration that occurred early in the century, when most people came from Europe, recent newcomers have been arriving mainly from Asia, the West Indies, Central America, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Africa. There has been considerable growth of the Asian and Latino populations in the United States. In the past decade, the Asian population has more than doubled, and the Latino population grew by more than 50 percent (Butterfield, 1991; Gonzalez, 1991). The residence patterns of many newcomers have also shifted. For example, before 1980, Asian Americans primarily settled in a few states such as California and Hawaii and in urban centers such as New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles (Butterfield, 1991). By the end of the 1980s, the Asian population had settled throughout the nation, and in some states the growth of this population was stunning. The Asian American population in New Jersey increased 162 percent to 272,521, in Texas it increased 165 percent to 319,459, in Rhode Island it increased 245 percent to 18,325, in Alabama it increased 124 percent to 22,000, in Mississippi it increased 76 percent to 13,000, and in Louisiana it increased 73 percent to 41,000 (Butterfield, 1991). The Asian American population is also diverse in national origin, culture, ethnicity, and social and economic backgrounds. Groups now residing in the United States include Filipinos, Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, Japanese, Asian Indians, Cambodians, Laotians, and Pacific Islanders (Butterfield, 1991). The Latino population is also diverse and includes people from Cuba, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Chile, Columbia, Guatemala, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Like the Asian American groups, Latino newcomers are spread throughout the nation. The cultural and ethnic diversity of the new wave of migration is reflected in a section of Los Angeles where Salvadorans, Armenians, Filipinos, Thais, Greeks, Italians, Vietnamese, Tamils from Sri Lanka, and Mixtec Indians from Mexico's Oaxaca Province all live within a few blocks (Mydans, 1991). Thus, the new wave of migration is characterized by people who are diverse in culture, ethnicity, and race, people who have come from all corners of the world and who have settled throughout the nation. The rise of newcomer populations is evident in the educational, political, and workplace arenas. In the educational arena the increase in school enrollment is attributable in some regions to the influx of foreign-born students (Barron, 1991). In the political arena politicians compete for the support of newcomer constituencies (Crossette, 1988). In the workplace, the U.S. Department of Labor estimates that immigrants will represent 22 percent of the new workers in the labor force by the beginning of the 21st century (Johnston & Packer, 1987). Many will be the adult children of immigrants who arrived in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s. Legislative Background From 1924 to 1965 immigration to the United States was primarily based on the national origins quota system, which, in accordance with the Immigration Act of 1924, limited the yearly quota for each country to 3 percent of the individuals born in that country who were residing in the United States as enumerated in the 1890 census (Briggs, 1984). …