A chromosome-scale Gastrodia elata genome and large-scale comparative genomic analysis indicate convergent evolution by gene loss in mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants.
A chromosome-scale Gastrodia elata genome and large-scale comparative genomic analysis indicate convergent evolution by gene loss in mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants.
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DOI：
10.1111/tpj.15528
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发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Yuxing Xu;Yunting Lei;Zhongxiang Su;Man Zhao;Jingxiong Zhang;Guojing Shen;Lei Wang;Jing Li;Jinfeng Qi;Jianqiang Wu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Yuxing Xu;Yunting Lei;Zhongxiang Su;Man Zhao;Jingxiong Zhang;Guojing Shen;Lei Wang;Jing Li;Jinfeng Qi;Jianqiang Wu
真菌异养和寄生植物是异养的，分别寄生在真菌和植物上以获得营养。大规模的比较基因组学还没有进行之间的mycoheterotrophic或寄生植物或这两组寄生虫。我们组装了一个完全真菌异养植物天麻（兰科）的染色体水平的基因组，并进行了比较基因组分析的基因组。elata和四种兰花（最初的真菌异养生物），三种寄生植物南方菟丝子（Cuscuta australis）、亚洲独脚金（Striga asiatica）和喜马拉雅山无患子（Sapria himalayana），以及来自各种被子植物谱系的36种自养植物。结果表明，在半寄生的Striga asiatica和最初的真菌异养兰花中，约4-5%的保守正群丢失，而完全异养的G。elata和C. australis都丢失了约10%的保守正群，表明异养水平的增加与基因丢失呈正相关。重要的是，许多自养生物所必需的基因，包括那些参与光合作用，昼夜节律钟，开花时间调节，免疫，营养吸收，根和叶发育，在两个G。elata和C.澳大利亚。高质量的G. elata将促进未来对真菌异养植物的生理学，生态学和进化的研究，我们的研究结果强调了基因丢失在具有异养生活方式的植物进化中的关键作用。
Mycoheterotrophic and parasitic plants are heterotrophic and respectively parasitize on fungi and plants to obtain nutrients. Large-scale comparative genomics has not been conducted among mycoheterotrophic or parasitic plants or between these two groups of parasites. We assembled a chromosome-level genome of the fully mycoheterotrophic plant Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae) and performed comparative genomic analyses on the genomes of G. elata and four orchids (initial mycoheterotrophs), three parasitic plants Cuscuta australis, Striga asiatica, and Sapria himalayana, and 36 autotrophs plants from various angiosperm lineages. It was found that while in the hemiparasite Striga asiatica and initial mycoheterotrophic orchids, ~4-5% of the conserved orthogroups were lost, the fully heterotrophic G. elata and C. australis both lost ~10% of the conserved orthogroups, indicating that increased heterotrophy level is positively associated with gene loss. Importantly, many genes essential for autotrophs, including those involved in photosynthesis, circadian clock, flowering time regulation, immunity, nutrient uptake, and root and leaf development, were convergently lost in both G. elata and C. australis. The high-quality genome of G. elata will facilitate future studies on the physiology, ecology, and evolution of mycoheterotrophic plants, and our findings highlight the critical role of gene loss in the evolution of plants with heterotrophic lifestyles.