Bacterial pili: structure, synthesis and role in disease
Bacterial pili: structure, synthesis and role in disease
复制标题
细菌菌毛：结构、合成及其在疾病中的作用
DOI：
10.1079/9781780642550.0071
复制
发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Georgiadou M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Georgiadou M
对宿主表面的粘附是病原菌的一个关键毒力属性，有助于它们引起疾病的能力。尽管不同的物种可以使用多种机制牢固地粘附在宿主细胞和/或细胞外基质上，但最常见的策略是使用菌毛（Proft 和 Baker，2009）。菌毛（或菌毛）是从许多细菌表面延伸出来的毛发状附属物，主要是一种通常称为菌毛蛋白的蛋白质的聚合物。在已鉴定的多种菌毛类型中（本书对其中许多进行了综述）并根据其形态和/或分子特征进行分类，IV 型菌毛 (Tfp) 无疑是最普遍的（Pelicic，2008）。 Tfp 可能存在于数百个不同的物种中，基于对丝和/或抽搐运动（一种完全由 Tfp 介导的表面易位形式）的直接观察，或在无数基因组测序项目中对 Tfp 生物学涉及的基因的鉴定（Mattick，2002；Pelicic，2008）。事实上，这些细胞器是在革兰氏阴性和革兰氏阳性物种中发现的唯一菌毛，跨越细菌领域中至少 14/30 的门（酸杆菌、放线菌、Aquiificae、Caldiserica、蓝细菌、Defferibacteres、奇球菌-Thermus、Dictyoglomi、Fibrobacteres、Firmicutes、Gemmatimonadetes、Nitrospira、Proteobacteria）和热脱硫杆菌）。引人注目的是，最近被命名为古细菌（Jarrell 和 Albers，2012）的类似细胞器也在另一个生命领域（古细菌）中被发现，它们在其中介导游泳。此外，许多细菌物种使用与 Tfp 生物发生极其相似的机制，通过称为 II 型分泌 (T2S) 的过程分泌蛋白质（Douzi 等，2012），或介导游离 DNA 的吸收以用作食物来源，用于修复 DNA 损伤或产生遗传多样性（Chen 和 Dubnau，2004）。因此，这些不同的生物系统在进化上是相关的，并且代表了原核生物中大分子跨膜运输主题的变化。人们很容易推测，pil 基因已经存在于细菌和古细菌的共同祖先中，它们可能编码了一种基本的大分子运输机制。
Adhesion to host surfaces is a key virulence attribute of pathogenic bacteria, instrumental in their ability to cause disease. Although diverse species can use a variety of mechanisms to adhere firmly to host cells and/or extracellular matrix, the most common strategy is to use pili (Proft and Baker, 2009). Pili (or fimbriae) are hair-like appendages that extend from the surface of many bacteria, and are polymers of primarily one protein generically named pilin. Out of the many types of pili that have been identified (many of which are reviewed in this book), and classified according to their morphological and/or molecular characteristics, type IV pili (Tfp) are undoubtedly the most widespread (Pelicic, 2008). Tfp are likely to be present in hundreds of different species based either on direct observation of filaments and/or twitching motility (a form of surface translocation exclusively mediated by Tfp), or the identification of genes involved in Tfp biology in a myriad of genome sequencing projects (Mattick, 2002; Pelicic, 2008). Indeed, these organelles are the only pili found both in Gram-negative and Gram-positive species, spanning at least 14/30 phyla in the Bacteria domain (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Aquificae, Caldiserica, Cyanobacteria, Defferibacteres, Deinococcus-Thermus, Dictyoglomi, Fibrobacteres, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospira, Proteobacteria and Thermodesulfobacteria). Strikingly, similar organelles recently named archaella (Jarrell and Albers, 2012) are also found in another domain of life (Archaea) where they mediate swimming. In addition, numerous bacterial species use machineries extremely similar to the one involved in Tfp biogenesis either to secrete proteins through a process known as type II secretion (T2S)(Douzi et al., 2012), or to mediate uptake of free DNA to use as a source of food, for repairing DNA damage or for generating genetic diversity (Chen and Dubnau, 2004). These different biological systems are therefore evolutionarily related, and repre sent variations on the theme of transport of macromolecules across membranes in pro karyotes. It is tempting to speculate that pil genes were already present in a common ancestor to Bacteria and Archaea in which they likely encoded a rudimentary macro molecule transport machinery.