The Immunology of Wild Rodents: Current Status and Future Prospects.
The Immunology of Wild Rodents: Current Status and Future Prospects.
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DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2017.01481
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Riley EM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Viney M;Riley EM
野生动物的免疫反应有助于它们的进化适应性。这些反应是通过选择塑造的，以适应动物所生活的实际抗原环境，但不会强加过多的能量需求，从而损害适应性的其他组成部分。但是，这些反应究竟是什么，以及它们与实验室动物的反应如何比较，却很少有人研究。在这里，我们回顾了非常少的野生啮齿动物的免疫反应发表的研究，发现普遍同意，他们的体液（抗体）反应是非常高的实验室动物相比，野生啮齿动物的细胞免疫系统揭示了广泛的抗原暴露。相反，野生啮齿类动物的离体刺激的免疫细胞的增殖和细胞因子反应通常与实验室动物相比被抑制。总的来说，这些反应适合野生动物的生活，因为升高的反应反映了感染的累积暴露，而抑制的增殖和细胞因子反应表明有效的免疫稳态，使免疫病理学最小化。要更全面地了解野生动物的免疫生态学，需要（i）了解野生动物所暴露的抗原负荷，并确定任何塑造免疫库的关键抗原，（ii）确定野生动物的免疫调节过程和诱导它们的事件，以及（iii）了解野生动物的实际资源状态，以及由此产生的免疫后果。总之，通过扩大对野生啮齿动物的研究，特别是解决这些问题（同时借鉴我们对实验室动物的免疫学理解），我们将能够更好地了解啮齿动物的免疫反应如何有助于它们在野外的适应性。
Wild animals’ immune responses contribute to their evolutionary fitness. These responses are moulded by selection to be appropriate to the actual antigenic environment in which the animals live, but without imposing an excessive energetic demand which compromises other component of fitness. But, exactly what these responses are, and how they compare with those of laboratory animals, has been little studied. Here, we review the very small number of published studies of immune responses of wild rodents, finding general agreement that their humoral (antibody) responses are highly elevated when compared with those of laboratory animals, and that wild rodents’ cellular immune system reveals extensive antigenic exposure. In contrast, proliferative and cytokine responses of ex vivo-stimulated immune cells of wild rodents are typically depressed compared with those of laboratory animals. Collectively, these responses are appropriate to wild animals’ lives, because the elevated responses reflect the cumulative exposure to infection, while the depressed proliferative and cytokine responses are indicative of effective immune homeostasis that minimizes immunopathology. A more comprehensive understanding of the immune ecology of wild animals requires (i) understanding the antigenic load to which wild animals are exposed, and identification of any key antigens that mould the immune repertoire, (ii) identifying immunoregulatory processes of wild animals and the events that induce them, and (iii) understanding the actual resource state of wild animals, and the immunological consequences that flow from this. Together, by extending studies of wild rodents, particularly addressing these questions (while drawing on our immunological understanding of laboratory animals), we will be better able to understand how rodents’ immune responses contribute to their fitness in the wild.