Satellite-sensed tropospheric NO2 patterns and anomalies over Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river basins
Satellite-sensed tropospheric NO2 patterns and anomalies over Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river basins
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DOI：
10.1080/01431161.2017.1283071
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发表时间：
2017-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Z. ul-Haq;S. Tariq;M. Ali;Asim Daud Rana;K. Mahmood
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Z. ul-Haq;S. Tariq;M. Ali;Asim Daud Rana;K. Mahmood
摘要本研究利用2004-2015年期间Aura卫星上臭氧监测仪器（OMI）的观测结果，介绍了南亚印度河、恒河、雅鲁藏布江和梅克纳河四个流域对流层NO2污染的趋势、季节性、热点和异常。这是第一次集体讨论这个人口稠密、工业化程度高、排放大量空气污染物的地区。OMI数据显示，在平均值为1.00的区域内，NO2柱显著升高，（1.9 ± 0.1）× 1015分子cm-2（观察值的平均值±标准差），增加了21.12%（斜率（0.036 ± 0.004）× 1015分子cm-2，y轴截距（1.705 ± 0.024）× 1015分子cm-2，R2 = 0.92）。根据MACCity人为排放清单，交通运输、能源、住宅和工业部门是高氮氧化物排放的主要贡献者。确定了NO2污染热点，并讨论了其发展趋势。特大城市拉合尔（巴基斯坦）和达卡（孟加拉国）的热点随着时间的推移不断加强和扩大。东部恒河流域NO2浓度最高，为（2.63 ± 0.22）× 1015分子cm-2，年增长率为3.22%，主要与发电、化石燃料开采、采矿活动和生物质燃烧有关。印度-恒河-布拉马普特拉-梅克纳盆地上空的NO2在冬季呈现季节性最大值，在季风期间呈现季节性最小值。最高的季节性是在Meghna盆地，由于气象条件和大规模的作物残留物燃烧的变化很大。NO2水平的一些异常现象已被发现与强烈的作物残留物燃烧事件有关。在这些异常期间，在印度河和Meghna盆地的某些地方观测到异常高的NO2日浓度，高达76.23 × 1015分子cm-2。
ABSTRACT This study presents trends, seasonality, hot spots, and anomalies of tropospheric NO2 pollution over four basins of Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers in South Asia using observations from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on-board Aura satellite during 2004–2015. For the first time this area, a highly populated and industrialized region with significant emissions of air pollutants, has been discussed collectively. OMI data reveal significantly elevated NO2 column over the region averaged at (1.9 ± 0.1) × 1015 molecules cm–2 (average ± standard deviation of observations) with an increase of 21.12% (slope (0.036 ± 0.004) × 1015 molecules cm–2, y-intercept (1.705 ± 0.024) × 1015 molecules cm–2, R2 = 0.92) during the study period. According to MACCity anthropogenic emissions inventory transportation, energy, residential, and industrial sectors are the major contributors of high NOx emissions. NO2 pollution hot spots are identified and their tendencies have been discussed. The hot spots of megacities Lahore (Pakistan) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) are found to be strengthening and expanding over the time. Eastern Ganges Basin shows the highest NO2 concentration at (2.63 ± 0.22) × 1015 molecules cm–2 and growth rate of 3.22% per year mainly linked to power generation, fossil fuel extraction, mining activities, and biomass burning. NO2 over Indus–Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna Basin exhibits seasonal maximum in winter and minimum in monsoon. The highest seasonality is found over Meghna Basin due to large variations in meteorological conditions and large-scale crop-residue burning. Some anomalies in NO2 levels have been detected linked to intense crop-residue burning events. During these anomalies, exceptionally high levels of daily NO2 reaching up to 76.23 × 1015 molecules cm–2 have been observed over some places in Indus and Meghna Basins.