Spontaneous attention and psycho-physiological responses to others' injury in chimpanzees
Spontaneous attention and psycho-physiological responses to others' injury in chimpanzees
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黑猩猩对他人伤害的自发注意力和心理生理反应
DOI：
10.1007/s10071-019-01276-z
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Kano F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sato Y;Hirata S;Kano F
先前的研究表明，当人类看到他人疼痛的背景线索时，会产生负面情绪，比如受伤（即，移情疼痛），即使没有观察到痛苦的行为表达。然而，这种现象尚未在非人类灵长类动物中进行过研究。我们测试了六只黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes），以实验方式检查它们对他人伤害的反应。首先，我们使用眼动追踪来测量观看反应。黑猩猩自发参加受伤的同种比非受伤的同种，但没有这样做，在控制条件下，受伤的图像被打乱，同时保持颜色信息。黑猩猩在刺激呈现期间的任何时候都不会避免看到受伤。其次，我们使用热成像技术来研究黑猩猩对他人伤害的生理反应。先前的研究报道，鼻温降低是觉醒的一个特征，特别是与负效价相关的觉醒。我们向黑猩猩展示了一个真实的伤口：一个熟悉的人类实验者，带着一个人造伤口和人造血液。与对照刺激相比，黑猩猩对损伤的反应表现出更大的鼻温降低。最后，黑猩猩面对的是一个熟悉的实验者，他用一根针刺伤了黑猩猩的（假）拇指，没有流血，这种情况可能对理解痛苦的原因更具挑战性。黑猩猩在生理上并没有将这种情况与对照情况区分开来。这些结果表明，黑猩猩检查其他人的伤害，即使没有观察到行为线索，也会因看到伤害而引起兴奋，但如果没有明确的（或熟悉的）线索（即，开放性伤口和血液）。
Previous studies have shown that humans experience negative emotions when seeing contextual cues of others’ pain, such as injury (i.e., empathic pain), even without observing behavioral expressions of distress. However, this phenomenon has not been examined in nonhuman primates. We tested six chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to experimentally examine their reactions to others’ injury. First, we measured viewing responses using eye-tracking. Chimpanzees spontaneously attended to injured conspecifics more than non-injured conspecifics, but did not do so in a control condition in which images of injuries were scrambled while maintaining color information. Chimpanzees did not avoid viewing injuries at any point during stimulus presentation. Second, we used thermal imaging to investigate chimpanzees’ physiological responses to others’ injury. Previous studies reported that reduced nasal temperature is a characteristic of arousal, particularly arousal associated with negative valence. We presented chimpanzees with a realistic injury: a familiar human experimenter with a prosthetic wound and artificial running blood. Chimpanzees exhibited a greater nasal temperature reduction in response to injury compared with the control stimulus. Finally, chimpanzees were presented with a familiar experimenter who stabbed their (fake) thumb with a needle, with no running blood, a situation that may be more challenging in terms of understanding the cause of distress. Chimpanzees did not physiologically distinguish this condition from the control condition. These results suggest that chimpanzees inspect others’ injuries and become aroused by seeing injuries even without observing behavioral cues, but have difficulty doing so without explicit (or familiar) cues (i.e., open wound and blood).