Long-term alterations in neural and endocrine processes induced by motherhood in mammals.
Long-term alterations in neural and endocrine processes induced by motherhood in mammals.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.001
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发表时间：
2016-01
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Bridges RS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bridges RS
怀孕、哺乳和孕产的生殖经历可以显着重塑女性的生物学状态，影响内分泌、神经内分泌、神经和免疫过程。大脑、脑下垂体、肝脏、胸腺和乳腺组织都属于因生殖经验而改变的结构。本综述重点关注啮齿动物研究，但也包括绵羊和其他物种的相关研究，确定了怀孕、分娩和哺乳的生物学状态所带来的这些过程的具体变化，以及生殖经历的组成部分如何促进母体大脑和器官系统的重塑。研究结果表明，先前的胎次会改变关键的循环激素水平和神经受体基因表达。此外，生殖经历会导致神经过程和神经胶质支持的改变。在神经可塑性和行为的背景下考虑了妊娠诱导的神经发生的可能作用，并提出了生殖经历对母亲记忆的影响，即母亲行为的保留，以及焦虑和学习。总之，这些发现支持了这样一个概念，即成年女性的神经和生物状态会因生育和母性的经历而长期发生显着的改变。随着女性的成长和衰老，母体大脑和其他生物系统的重塑被认为有助于促进对环境/生态挑战的适应。
The reproductive experience of pregnancy, lactation and motherhood can significantly remodel the female’s biological state, affecting endocrine, neuroendocrine, neural, and immunological processes. The brain, pituitary gland, liver, thymus, and mammary tissue are among the structures that are modified by reproductive experience. The present review that focuses on rodent research, but also includes pertinent studies in sheep and other species, identifies specific changes in these processes brought about by the biological states of pregnancy, parturition, and lactation and how the components of reproductive experience contribute to the remodeling of the maternal brain and organ systems. Findings indicate that prior parity alters key circulating hormone levels and neural receptor gene expression. Moreover, reproductive experience results in modifications in neural processes and glial support. The possible role of pregnancy-induced neurogenesis is considered in the context of neuroplasticity and behavior, and the effects of reproductive experience on maternal memory, i.e. the retention of maternal behavior, together with anxiety and learning are presented. Together, these sets of findings support the concept that the neural and biological state of the adult female is significantly and dramatically altered on a long-term basis by the experiences of parity and motherhood. Remodeling of the maternal brain and other biological systems is posited to help facilitate adaptations to environmental/ecological challenges as the female raises young and ages.