Paleoindians, paleolakes and paleoplayas: Landscape geoarchaeology of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico
Paleoindians, paleolakes and paleoplayas: Landscape geoarchaeology of the Tularosa Basin, New Mexico
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古印第安人、古湖泊和古普拉亚：新墨西哥州图拉罗萨盆地的景观地质考古学
DOI：
10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.012
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Aimee M. Weber
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
V. Holliday;A. Harvey;Matthew T. Cuba;Aimee M. Weber
卡尔·布泽尔是最早思考和写作人类的史前史学家之一，古代和现代，在景观上。此外，作为一名地貌学家，他知道过去的景观和今天一样充满活力和变化-而不是构成人类活动背景的静态实体。这一观点对于理解美洲早期人类所面临的物理环境至关重要（约13，500至约10，000 cal YBP）。北美正经历着快速的环境变化，因为大陆正在走出最后一个冰河时代。在大陆的西南部，大的古湖泊水位下降，较小的干盐湖盆地正在加积，因为该地区被古印第安人群体，如克洛维斯、福尔松和后来的第一美洲人所占领。古湖泊本可以提供一些资源，但现代石膏沉积表明沃茨湖水无法饮用。分布在图拉罗萨盆地底部的许多小洼地（干盐湖）含有跨越全新世和更新世末期的泥质充填物，至少在季节性上表明有较新鲜的水。古印第安遗址往往聚集在这些小盆地周围，并沿着盆地侧面山脉的沿着，以及具有良好视野的环境，而不是主要的古湖泊边缘。古湖泊是西南部更新世晚期景观的重要组成部分，但可能不是第一批美国人的主要景点。
Karl Butzer was one of the first prehistorians to think about and write about people, ancient and modern, on the landscape. Moreover, as a geomorphologist he knew that past landscapes were as dynamic and varied as they are today — not static entities that formed the backdrop for human activity. That viewpoint is critical in understanding the physical environment faced by humans during the early peopling of the Americas (~13,500 to ~10,000 cal YBP). North America was undergoing rapid environmental changes as the continent was coming out of the last Ice Age. In the southwestern part of the continent large paleolake levels were falling and smaller playa basins were aggrading as the area was occupied by Paleoindian groups such as Clovis, Folsom, and later First Americans. The paleolakes would have provided some resources, but modern gypsum deposits indicate that lake waters were unpotable. Numerous small depressions (playas) scattered around the floor of the Tularosa Basin contain muddy fills that span the Holocene and terminal Pleistocene, indicative of fresher water at least seasonally. Paleoindian sites tend to be clustered around these small basins and along drainages off of the mountains that flank the basin, as well as settings with good viewsheds rather than the main paleolake margins. Paleolakes were dramatic components of the late Pleistocene landscape in the southwest, but likely were not the primary attractions to the First Americans.