Stratigraphy and changes in hardness of snow measured by hand, ramsonde and snow micro penetrometer: a comparison with planar sections
Stratigraphy and changes in hardness of snow measured by hand, ramsonde and snow micro penetrometer: a comparison with planar sections
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DOI：
10.1016/s0165-232x(03)00079-x
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发表时间：
2003-11-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Schneebeli, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pielmeier, C;Schneebeli, M
雪的地层学和雪硬度的变化是雪研究中最重要的参数之一。在七个雪坑中，进行了三种类型的硬度测试：这些是手，公羊和显微硬度计测试。从地层和地层边界的角度来看，地层学是从高空间分辨率的平面剖面图中确定的，为与分析的剖面图进行比较提供了客观参考。雪层和层边界的硬度剖面进行了比较，与平面剖面地层学。手动测试捕获了所有层和层边界的80%，冲压测试捕获了60%，并且微流量计捕获了所有识别的层。手动和柱塞剖面只能用于确定平均硬度和地层。重要的细节被遗漏，如软和薄的硬层，这是特别重要的雪崩形成。机械和纹理积雪特性的定量评价需要客观的测量与空间分辨率至少为I毫米。由于主要的热量和质量通量是垂直于雪表面，更详细的分层显示与微重力仪有显着的影响质量和热量传递内的积雪。不代表这种小规模分层的数值模型将产生误导。雪崩的形成，雪水文学和电磁建模（微波发射和雷达）是其他领域的例子，其中一个良好的分辨率积雪地层是重要的。(C)2003 Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。
Snow stratigraphy and changes in snow hardness are amongst the most important parameters in the study of snow. In seven snow pits, three types of hardness tests were performed: these were hand, ram and micro penetrometer tests. The stratigraphy, in terms of layers and layer boundaries, was established from planar sections at a high spatial resolution, providing an objective reference for comparison with the analysed profiles. The snow layers and layer boundaries from the hardness profiles were compared with planar section stratigraphy. The hand test captured 80% of all layers and layer boundaries and the ram test 60%, and the micro penetrometer captured all the identified layers. Hand and ram profiles can only be used to determine an average hardness and stratigraphy. Important details are missed such as soft and thin hard layers, which are particularly significant for avalanche formation. Quantitative evaluation of mechanical and textural snowpack properties requires objective measurements with a spatial resolution of at least I mm. Since the predominant heat and mass fluxes are perpendicular to the snow surface, the more detailed stratification shown with the micro penetrometer has significant implications for mass and heat transfer within the snowpack. Numerical models not representing this small-scale layering will be misleading. Avalanche formation, snow hydrology and electromagnetic modelling (microwave emission and radar) are other examples of areas where a good resolution of the snowpack stratigraphy is important. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.