ORGANIZATION OF NEW-ENGLAND ROCKY INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY - ROLE OF PREDATION, COMPETITION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY
ORGANIZATION OF NEW-ENGLAND ROCKY INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY - ROLE OF PREDATION, COMPETITION, AND ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY
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DOI：
10.2307/1942563
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发表时间：
1976-01-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
MENGE, BA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
MENGE, BA
1972-1975年在美国马萨诸塞州和缅因州6个地点进行了实验和观测，研究了捕食、竞争、生物干扰、波浪作用、底质倾斜和异质性等因素对新英格兰岩相潮间带群落结构的影响。群落结构的几个方面（季节性利用的主要和冠层空间，捕食者的相对丰度，营养结构，物种丰富度）确定在5个地区跨越波曝光梯度。在暴露区域的主要空间主要由藤壶Balanus balanoides（高潮间带）和贻贝贻贝（中潮间带）。在这些地区，岩藻和移动的食肉动物和食草动物稀少，物种数量也很低。保护区的中潮间带通常具有相对较大比例的自由原生空间（40%-90%）、繁茂的墨角藻冠层（墨角藻属）和丰富的珊瑚礁。或Ascophyllum nodosum），食肉动物和食草动物的相对密集的种群，以及相对高的物种丰富度。在这些地区，唯一常见的潮间带捕食者，蜗牛Thais lapillus的主要猎物是M。edulis和B.龟头影响高潮间带群落结构的主要因素显然主要是影响B种群生态的因素。类龟头，即，种内竞争和各种物理压力。实验表明，只有当泰国人被排除在外时，藤壶和贻贝之间才会发生种间竞争。否则，捕食通常会阻止任何一个物种垄断初级空间。实验中，3路之间的竞争分支，贻贝，墨角藻属。发生表明后者的生存受到贻贝的抑制和藤壶的增强。暴露区域岩藻的稀缺性可能是与贻贝竞争的结果。由于许多存在于相对保护区的物种直接或间接地依赖于自由的初级空间，观察到的变化，在当地物种丰富度显然是部分功能的活动泰国。发展群落组织的一般理论的一个关键问题是理解捕食者在环境严酷度梯度上的有效性变化背后的机制。
The influences of predation, competition, biological disturbance, exposure to wave action and inclination and heterogeneity of the substratum on the structure of the rocky intertidal community of New England were studied with a combination of experiments and observations at 6 areas in Maine and Massachusetts [USA] from 1972-1975. Several aspects of community structure (seasonal utilization of primary and canopy space, relative abundances of predators, trophic structure, species richness) were determined at 5 areas spanning a wave exposure gradient. Primary space at exposed areas was dominated by the barnacle Balanus balanoides (high intertidal) and the mussel Mytilus edulis (mid-intertidal). Fucoid algae and mobile carnivores and herbivores were scarce and species numbers were low at these areas. The mid-intertidal of protected areas is usually characterized by a relatively large proportion of free primary space (40%-90%), a luxuriant fucoid canopy (Fucus spp. or Ascophyllum nodosum), relatively dense populations of carnivores and herbivores, and relatively high species richness. The primary prey of the only common intertidal predator at these areas, the snail Thais lapillus, are M. edulis and B. balanoides. The major factors influencing community "structure" within the high intertidal zone are apparently largely those factors affecting the population ecology of B. balanoides, i.e., intraspecific competition, and various physical stresses. Experiments indicate that only when Thais are excluded does interspecific competition occur between barnacles and mussels. Otherwise, predation usually prevents either species from monopolizing primary space. Experiments where 3-way competition between branches, mussels, and Fucus spp. occurred indicated the survival of the latter is inhibited by mussels and enhanced by barnacles. The scarcity of fucoids at exposed areas may be a result of competition with mussels. Since many of the species present at relatively protected areas are directly or indirectly dependent on free primary space, observed variations in local species richness are evidently partly a function of the activity of Thais. A key problem in the development of a general theory of community organization is understanding the mechanism(s) behind variations in the effectiveness of predators along gradients of environmental rigor.