Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasianodon gigas Chevey, 1931 (Pangasiidae)
Threatened fishes of the world: Pangasianodon gigas Chevey, 1931 (Pangasiidae)
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世界濒危鱼类：Pangasinodon gigas Chevey，1931（Pangasiidae）
DOI：
10.1023/b:ebfi.0000033487.97350.4c
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发表时间：
2004
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Z. Hogan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Z. Hogan
湄公河巨鲶是东南亚最濒危的鱼类。IUCN红色名录-濒危C2b.鉴定湄公河巨鲶是世界上最大的淡水鱼之一，最大长度可达300厘米，总重量超过300公斤（Smith 1945）。最容易与其他物种区分的是它的大小，缺乏牙齿和触须（个体超过50厘米），和8-9腹鳍条。Pangasianodon gigas的头和嘴比它的近亲Pangasianodon hypophthalmus更宽（Roberts & Vidthayanon 1991）。吉加斯是湄公河特有的。历史上，湄公河巨鲶出现在越南、柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国、泰国，可能还有缅甸和中国西南部的湄公河流域的大江大河中（Smith 1945）。湄公河巨型鲶鱼现在似乎仅限于柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国和泰国的湄公河及其支流。该物种也被引入到泰国各地的水库和河流中，但这些引入未能导致建立种群（霍根等人，2001年）。摘要：湄公河巨型鲶鱼的数量在整个流域都在下降（霍根等人，2001年）。P. gigas现在在泰国东北部，老挝南部和越南非常罕见。在泰国北方，湄公河巨型鲶鱼的捕获量自1990年以来一直在下降（Hogan 1998年）。在过去的两年里，泰国湄公河没有鱼被捕获。2000年和2001年的全流域捕捞量分别为11条和8条鱼。栖息地和生态在柬埔寨，湄公河巨型鲶鱼在雨季结束时（12月至12月）离开洞里萨湖的淹没栖息地。在旱季，该物种栖息在湄公河的深水区。P. gigasis迁移，但迁移的程度是未知的。繁殖：对野生太平洋牡蛎的产卵行为知之甚少。有一些证据表明该物种在泰国北方产卵，但这种产卵活动的时间和地点尚未得到证实。威胁：捕鱼是对太平洋牡蛎最容易识别的威胁。湄公河巨型鲶鱼非常罕见，该物种再也无法承受任何捕捞压力。水坝、航运项目和栖息地的破坏也威胁着巨型鲶鱼。在湄公河最大的支流孟河上，一座大坝阻挡了P。10亿立方米的沙漠将孟河与湄公河流域的其他部分隔离开来。在中国，备受争议的湄公河航行和航道改善项目可能会摧毁巨型鲶鱼和其他鱼类无数英里的产卵场。保护行动：从2000年开始，在柬埔寨建立了一个购买和释放项目，以研究和保护湄公河巨型鲶鱼。自2000年以来，每年在洞里萨河最低处捕获的所有大鱼都被释放。最值得注意的是，2001年的项目购买并释放了世界上唯一捕获的七条湄公河巨型鲶鱼。泰国渔业部已经开发出一种方法来繁殖这个物种在圈养（虽然这种努力更接近水产养殖计划，而不是圈养繁殖计划）。目前还在进行研究，以确定该物种在野外的地位和分布。保护建议：目前在泰国或柬埔寨捕捉湄公河巨型鲶鱼是非法的。这些法律应该得到执行。迫切需要采取措施保护湄公河的天然水道。湄公河不受控制的开发，尤其是在中国，可能会对仅存的几条巨型鲶鱼造成可怕的后果。一个彻底的研究…
Mekong giant catfish is the most endangered fish in SE Asia. IUCN Red List–Endangered C2b.IdentificationThe Mekong giant catfish is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, reaching a maximum length of 300 cm and a total weight exceeding 300 kg (Smith 1945). Most easily differentiated from other species by its size, lack of teeth and barbels (individuals over 50 cm), and 8–9 pelvic fin rays. Pangasianodon gigas has a broader head and mouth than its close relative, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Roberts & Vidthayanon 1991).DistributionP. gigas is a Mekong endemic. Historically, Mekong giant catfish occurred throughout the large rivers of the Mekong River Basin in Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, and possibly Burma and southwestern China (Smith 1945). The Mekong giant catfish now appears limited to the Mekong and its tributaries in Cambodia, Lao PDR and Thailand. The species has also been introduced into reservoirs and rivers throughout Thailand, but these introductions have failed to result in established populations (Hogan et al. 2001). Abundance: The population of Mekong giant catfish is declining throughout the basin (Hogan et al. 2001). P. gigas is now very rare in northeast Thailand, southern Lao PDR and Vietnam. In northern Thailand, the catch of Mekong giant catfish has declined since 1990 (Hogan 1998). No fish have been caught in the Thai Mekong for the past 2 years. The basinwide catch for 2000 and 2001 was 11 and 8 fish, respectively.Habitat and ecologyIn Cambodia, the Mekong giant catfish moves out of the flooded habitats of Tonle Sap Lake at the end of the rainy season (October–December). During the dry season, the species inhabits deep water areas of the Mekong River. P. gigasis migratory, but the extent of migrations is unknown. Reproduction: Little is known about the spawning behavior of wild P. gigas. There is some evidence that the species spawns in northern Thailand, but the time and location of this spawning activity have not been confirmed. Threats: Fishing is the most easily identifiable threat to P. gigas. The Mekong giant catfish is very rare and the species can no longer support any fishing pressure. Dams, navigations projects and habitat destruction also threaten the giant catfish. In the Mun River, the largest tributary to the Mekong, a dam blocks the migrations ofP. gigasand has isolated the Mun River from the remainder of the Mekong River Basin. In China, the controversial Mekong Navigation and Channel Improvement Project threatens to destroy countless miles of spawning grounds for giant catfish and other fish species. Conservation actions: Beginning in 2000, a buy and release project was established in Cambodia to study and conserve the Mekong giant catfish. Each year since 2000, all large fish captured alive in the lowest stretches of the Tonle Sap River have been released. Most notably, the 2001 project purchased and released the only seven Mekong giant catfish captured anywhere in the world. The Thai Department of Fisheries has developed a method to breed this species in the captivity (though this effort more closely resembles an aquaculture program rather than a captive breeding program). Studies are also underway to determine the status and distribution of the species in the wild. Conservation recommendations: It is currently illegal to catch Mekong giant catfish in Thailand or Cambodia. These laws should be enforced. Measures to safeguard the Mekong’s natural waterways are urgently needed. The uncontrolled development of the Mekong River, most notably in China, could have dire consequences for the few remaining giant catfish. A thorough study of the …