Visual Attention
Visual Attention
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DOI：
10.1002/0470018860.s00482
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通讯作者：
Ronald A. Rensink
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作者：
Ronald A. Rensink
视觉注意是控制视觉信息选择性获取和整合的因素。引言虽然大部分的愿景似乎是毫不费力和包罗万象的，但它所能做的是有限的。例如，考虑空中交通管制，其中必须跟踪显示器中的所有移动项目（对应于空域中的飞机）。如果只有一个项目存在，它通常可以被跟踪没有问题。也可以同时跟踪四个或五个项目，尽管需要做一些工作。然而，对于20或30个项目，即使是最大的努力也是不够的，任务必须在几个控制器之间分担。在这种情况下，似乎发生的是，视觉感知受到观察者内部有意识控制的因素的限制，这种因素使某些类型的处理能够发生，但其应用范围有限。这个因素被称为视觉注意力。有趣的是，尽管大多数观察者在被要求注意刺激时立即知道该怎么做，但要给它一个客观的描述却相当困难。事实上，直到最近，人们对注意力的基本功能还没有达成共识，在不同的时期，注意力与感知的清晰度、感知的强度、意识和选择等有关。选择在过去的几十年里，已经取得了相当大的进展，通过集中选择作为视觉注意的基本功能。有两种选择特别重要。第一种是选择性接入（即，仅允许某些部分或特性被发送到随后的处理）。最初人们认为，选择性访问保护了更高级别的处理器，使其不会被过多的信息淹没。然而，最近的研究倾向于将选择性访问视为一种划分对各种行为的控制的方式（例如，聚焦于要抓取的物品的位置）。第二种类型的选择是选择性整合（即，将选定的部分或特性组合成结构，然后形成进一步处理的基础）。例如，三条相邻的线可以组合成一个完整的图形。这个图形（而不是线条本身）可能为随后的抓握控制提供基础。最初认为，这种融合必须是有选择的，以便充分利用...
Visual attention is the factor controlling the selective access and integration of visual information. INTRODUCTION Although much of vision appears to be effortless and all-encompassing, nevertheless there are limits to what it can do. For example, consider air traffic control, where it is imperative to keep track of all moving items in a display (corresponding to the airplanes in an airspace). If only a single item is present, it can generally be tracked without problem. It is also possible to track four or five items simultaneously, although some effort is needed to do so. However, for 20 or 30 items, even a maximal effort will not suffice, and the task must be shared among several controllers. What appears to be happening in such cases is that visual perception is constrained by a consciously controlled factor within the observer ± a factor that enables certain types of processing to take place, but which is limited in the extent to which it can be applied. This factor is termed visual attention. Interestingly, although most observers immediately know what to do when asked tòpay atten-tion' to a stimulus, it has been rather difficult to give this an objective characterization. Indeed, until recently there was no general consensus on the basic function of attention, and at various times it was associated with such things as clarity of perception , intensity of perception, consciousness, and selection. SELECTION During the past few decades, considerable progress has been achieved by focusing on selection as the basic function of visual attention. Two types of selection are of particular importance. The first is selective access (i.e., allowing only certain parts or properties to be sent on to later processes). It was originally believed that selective access protected processors at higher levels from being overwhelmed by too much information. However, more recent research has tended to view selective access as a way to delimit control of various actions (e.g., focusing on the locations of items that are to be grasped). The second type of selection is selective integration (i.e., combining selected parts or properties into structures that then form the basis of further processing). For example, three adjoining lines could be combined into a complete figure. This figure (and not the lines themselves) might then provide the basis for subsequent control of grasping. It was initially believed that such integration had to be selective in order to make good use …