Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles
Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00532.x
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发表时间：
2013-02-01
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
Stromman, Anders Hammer
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hawkins, Troy R.;Singh, Bhawna;Stromman, Anders Hammer
电动汽车（ev）与低碳电力来源相结合，为减少温室气体排放和个人交通尾气排放提供了潜力。在考虑这些好处时，解决问题转移的问题是很重要的。此外，虽然许多研究都集中在比较交通选择的使用阶段，但在比较传统和电动汽车时，汽车产量也很重要。我们开发并提供了一个透明的传统和电动汽车生命周期清单，并应用我们的清单来评估传统和电动汽车的一系列影响类别。我们发现，假设使用寿命为15万公里，与传统柴油或汽油汽车相比，目前欧洲电力组合驱动的电动汽车的全球变暖潜能值（GWP）降低了10%至24%。然而，电动汽车在人类毒性、淡水生态毒性、淡水富营养化和金属枯竭影响方面表现出显著增加的潜力，这些影响主要来自汽车供应链。结果对有关电源、使用阶段能量消耗、车辆寿命和电池更换计划的假设很敏感。由于电动汽车的生产影响比传统汽车更为显著，假设车辆寿命为20万公里，电动汽车的全球变暖潜能值（GWP）相对于汽油车的效益将达到27%至29%，相对于柴油车的效益将达到17%至20%。假设行驶10万公里，电动汽车相对于汽油车的效益将下降9%至14%，其影响与柴油车难以区分。改善电动汽车的环境状况需要参与减少汽车生产供应链的影响，并在电力基础设施决策中推广清洁电力来源。
Electric vehicles (EVs) coupled with low-carbon electricity sources offer the potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and exposure to tailpipe emissions from personal transportation. In considering these benefits, it is important to address concerns of problem-shifting. In addition, while many studies have focused on the use phase in comparing transportation options, vehicle production is also significant when comparing conventional and EVs. We develop and provide a transparent life cycle inventory of conventional and electric vehicles and apply our inventory to assess conventional and EVs over a range of impact categories. We find that EVs powered by the present European electricity mix offer a 10% to 24% decrease in global warming potential (GWP) relative to conventional diesel or gasoline vehicles assuming lifetimes of 150,000 km. However, EVs exhibit the potential for significant increases in human toxicity, freshwater eco-toxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and metal depletion impacts, largely emanating from the vehicle supply chain. Results are sensitive to assumptions regarding electricity source, use phase energy consumption, vehicle lifetime, and battery replacement schedules. Because production impacts are more significant for EVs than conventional vehicles, assuming a vehicle lifetime of 200,000 km exaggerates the GWP benefits of EVs to 27% to 29% relative to gasoline vehicles or 17% to 20% relative to diesel. An assumption of 100,000 km decreases the benefit of EVs to 9% to 14% with respect to gasoline vehicles and results in impacts indistinguishable from those of a diesel vehicle. Improving the environmental profile of EVs requires engagement around reducing vehicle production supply chain impacts and promoting clean electricity sources in decision making regarding electricity infrastructure.