Hemodynamic and behavioral changes in older adults during cognitively demanding dual tasks.
Hemodynamic and behavioral changes in older adults during cognitively demanding dual tasks.
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老年人在认知要求较高的双重任务中的血流动力学和行为变化。
DOI：
10.1002/brb3.2021
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发表时间：
2021-03
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Fraser S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Salzman T;Tobón Vallejo D;Polskaia N;Michaud L;St-Amant G;Lajoie Y;Fraser S
执行功能通过整合来自认知运动通路的信息在行走中发挥着重要作用。大脑和行为的微妙变化可能有助于识别老年人，他们更容易因前额叶皮层退化而导致执行功能缺陷。本研究旨在探讨老年人在认知要求较高的任务中行走时如何减轻执行要求。20名健康老年人（M = 71.8岁，SD = 6.4）在行走时进行简单反应时间（SRT）、go/no-go（GNG）、n-back（NBK）和双数序列（DNS）认知任务，这些任务的难度增加（即，双重任务）。使用功能性近红外光谱（fNIRS）测量血液动力学反应（即，氧-[HbO 2]和脱氧血红蛋白[HbR]）在双任务和单任务期间前额叶皮层（PFC）的变化（即，独自行走）。此外，使用步态速度（m/s）、响应时间（s）和准确度（%正确）测量性能。使用重复测量方差分析，神经发现表明任务的主要影响，例如单任务和双任务之间的HbO 2（p = 0.047）和HbR（p = 0.040）降低。任务和认知困难之间的相互作用（p = 0.014）显示，步态速度下降的DNS之间的单任务和双任务。任务对反应时间的主效应表明，SRT反应时间比所有其他难度水平都快（p <0.001）。准确性表现下降之间的单一和双重任务（p = 0.028）和跨难度水平（p <0.001），但没有显着差异之间的NBK和DNS。研究结果表明，一个健康的老年人样本可能会减轻执行要求使用自动运动控制策略，使转移有意识的注意力从步行过程中的双重任务导致降低HbO 2和HbR。然而，减少前额叶激活是低效的，在保持响应时间和准确性的性能，可能会受到不同的影响，增加认知需求。老年人可能会遇到执行功能缺陷，由于前额叶皮层（PFC）恶化。研究结果显示，单任务和双任务之间的PFC激活减少，认知表现更差（即，更慢的响应时间和更低的准确性分数）。然而，步态速度保持，直到最苛刻的认知任务后，它下降之间的单和双任务。
Executive functions play a fundamental role in walking by integrating information from cognitive‐motor pathways. Subtle changes in brain and behavior may help identify older adults who are more susceptible to executive function deficits with advancing age due to prefrontal cortex deterioration. This study aims to examine how older adults mitigate executive demands while walking during cognitively demanding tasks. Twenty healthy older adults (M = 71.8 years, SD = 6.4) performed simple reaction time (SRT), go/no‐go (GNG), n‐back (NBK), and double number sequence (DNS) cognitive tasks of increasing difficulty while walking (i.e., dual task). Functional near infra‐red spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure the hemodynamic response (i.e., oxy‐ [HbO2] and deoxyhemoglobin [HbR]) changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during dual and single tasks (i.e., walking alone). In addition, performance was measured using gait speed (m/s), response time (s), and accuracy (% correct). Using repeated measures ANOVAs, neural findings demonstrated a main effect of task such that ∆HbO2 (p = .047) and ∆HbR (p = .040) decreased between single and dual tasks. An interaction between task and cognitive difficulty (p = .014) revealed that gait speed decreased in the DNS between single and dual tasks. A main effect of task in response time indicated that the SRT response time was faster than all other difficulty levels (p < .001). Accuracy performance declined between single and dual tasks (p = .028) and across difficulty levels (p < .001) but was not significantly different between the NBK and DNS. Findings suggest that a healthy older adult sample might mitigate executive demands using an automatic locomotor control strategy such that shifting conscious attention away from walking during the dual tasks resulted in decreased ∆HbO2 and ∆HbR. However, decreased prefrontal activation was inefficient at maintaining response time and accuracy performance and may be differently affected by increasing cognitive demands. Older adults may experience executive function deficits due to prefrontal cortex (PFC) deterioration. Findings revealed decreased PFC activation between single and dual tasks and worse cognitive performance (i.e., slower response times and lower accuracy scores) with increasing cognitive task demands. However, gait speed was maintained until the most demanding cognitive task after which it declined between single and dual tasks.
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影响因子：
4.8
作者：
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