GRAPE-4: A Massively Parallel Special-Purpose Computer for Collisional N-Body Simulations
GRAPE-4: A Massively Parallel Special-Purpose Computer for Collisional N-Body Simulations
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GRAPE-4：用于 N 体碰撞模拟的大规模并行专用计算机
DOI：
10.1086/303972
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Sugimoto
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Makino;M. Taiji;T. Ebisuzaki;D. Sugimoto
在本文中，我们描述了Grape-4系统的结构和性能，这是一种用于引力碰撞系统N体型模拟的大量平行专用计算机。碰撞自我磨化系统的N体型模拟的计算成本为O（n3）。因此，即使使用当今的超级计算机，一个人可以处理的粒子数量仍然约为10,000。在N体模拟中，几乎所有计算时间都花在计算粒子之间的力，因为相互作用的数量与粒子数量的平方成正比。其余模拟的计算成本，例如时间整合和结果的降低，通常与粒子数量成正比。通过专用的特殊用途硬件可以极大地加速粒子之间的力。我们已经开发了一系列硬件系统，即葡萄（重力管）系统，这些系统执行了力计算。它们与执行其余计算的通用主机计算机一起使用。葡萄4系统是我们最新的硬件，该硬件于1995年夏季完成。它的峰值速度为1.08 Tflops。通过运行1692个管道大规模集成电路（LSIS），每个速度可平行地提供640 mflops。
In this paper, we describe the architecture and performance of the GRAPE-4 system, a massively parallel special-purpose computer for N-body simulation of gravitational collisional systems. The calculation cost of N-body simulation of collisional self-gravitating system is O(N3). Thus, even with present-day supercomputers, the number of particles one can handle is still around 10,000. In N-body simulations, almost all computing time is spent calculating the force between particles, since the number of interactions is proportional to the square of the number of particles. Computational cost of the rest of the simulation, such as the time integration and the reduction of the result, is generally proportional to the number of particles. The calculation of the force between particles can be greatly accelerated by means of a dedicated special-purpose hardware. We have developed a series of hardware systems, the GRAPE (GRAvity PipE) systems, which perform the force calculation. They are used with a general-purpose host computer which performs the rest of the calculation. The GRAPE-4 system is our newest hardware, completed in 1995 summer. Its peak speed is 1.08 TFLOPS. This speed is achieved by running 1692 pipeline large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs), each providing 640 MFLOPS, in parallel.
T. Nakamoto：《恒星形成1999》野边山射电天文台。
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