Analogies in Biology Education: A Contentious Issue.
Analogies in Biology Education: A Contentious Issue.
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生物教育中的类比：一个有争议的问题。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Treagust
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Venville;D. Treagust
同一阶级的所有生物的亲缘关系有时会由一棵大树来代表。我相信这个比喻在很大程度上说明了事实。绿色和萌芽的树枝可能代表着现存的物种；而那些在过去几年产生的树枝可能代表着灭绝物种的长期演替。在每一个生长时期，所有生长的树枝都试图向四面八方伸展开来，超过并杀死周围的树枝和树枝，就像物种和物种群体在为生命而战的伟大战争中一直压倒其他物种一样。树枝分成大的枝条，这些枝条又分成越来越小的枝条，当树还年轻的时候，它们本身就是萌芽的树枝；这种通过分枝将以前的芽和现在的芽连接起来的方式，很可能代表了所有灭绝的和活的物种被归类为从属于组的类别。在这棵树还只是一棵灌木丛的时候，繁盛的树枝中，现在只有两三根长成了大树枝，但仍然存活并结出了其他树枝；因此，对于生活在过去很长的地质时期的物种来说，很少有人留下活着的和经过改造的后代。从树的第一次生长起，许多树枝和树枝已经腐烂和脱落；这些大小不一的掉落的树枝可能代表着那些现在没有活着的代表的整个目、科和属，这些只为我们所知的化石状态。当我们在各处看到一根稀疏的树枝从树下的一根叉子上冒出来时，这种树枝偶然受到了青睐，现在还活在山顶上，所以我们偶尔会看到一种动物，比如鸟冠鸟或丽普多斯林，它在某种程度上通过亲切感将生命的两个大分支连接在一起，显然是因为栖息在一个受保护的车站而免于致命的竞争。随着芽的生长而长出新芽，而这些芽，如果有活力，就会在四面八方长出许多更弱的枝条，所以我相信一代又一代地，伟大的生命树就是这样，它用枯萎和折断的枝条填满了大地的外壳，并用它不断分枝和美丽的枝条覆盖着地表。达尔文：《物种起源》，1967，第126页
The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. The green and budding twigs may represent existing species; and those produced during former years may represent the long succession of extinct species. At each period of growth all the growing twigs have tried to branch out on all sides and to overtop and kill the surrounding twigs and branches, in the same manner as species and groups of species have at all times overmastered other species in the great battlefor life. The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree was young, budding twigs; and this connection of theformer and present buds by ramiying branches may well represent the classification of all extinct and living species in groups subordinate to groups. Of the many twigs which flourished when the tree was a mere bush, only two or three now grow into great branches, yet survive and bear the other branches; so with the species which lived during long-past geological periods, very few have left living and modified descendants. From thefirst growth of the tree, many a limb and branch has decayed and dropped of; and these fallen branches of various sizes may represent those whole orders,families, and genera which have now no living representatives, and which are known to us only in a fossil state. As we here and there see a thin straggling branch springing from a fork low down in a tree, and which by some chance has been favoured and is still alive on its summit, so we occasionally see an animal like the Ornithorhynchus or Lipidosiren, which in some small degree connects by its affnities two large branches of lIfe, and which has apparently been saved from fatal competition by having inhabited a protected station. As buds give rise by growth to fresh buds, and these, if vigorous, branch out and overtop on all sides many a feebler branch, so by generation I believe it has been with the great Tree of Life, which fills with its dead and broken branches the crust of the earth, and covers the surface with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications. Darwin, The Origin of Species, 1967, p. 126