Ukraine's pharmaceuticals: from dependence to endogenous development
Ukraine's pharmaceuticals: from dependence to endogenous development
复制标题
乌克兰医药：从依赖走向内生发展
DOI：
10.15407/econforecast2020.04.005
复制
发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Honcharenko
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
O. Salikhova;D. Honcharenko
本文阐述了发展高科技制药产业的各种理论和应用原则。已经确定的是，发展中国家在这一领域的关键问题是依赖发达国家的资源和市场，而外国先进技术的参与可以成为提高东道国技术潜力的催化剂（但须具备适当的知识和人力资本、体制环境的变化以及创新的框架条件得到改善）。在HTPI发展的背景下，作者表明了制药公司基于难以模拟或替代的资源获得可持续竞争优势的网络性质的重要性。事实证明，与当地研究机构，高等教育机构和其他公司的研究单位建立的网络，使制药企业有机会获得互补资产，成为他们的特定资源，这提供了独特的竞争优势。作者揭示了全球化条件下按技术水平划分产业的各种方法论和统计学特征。有证据表明，目前个别国家的研究和开发（R&D）与药品产生的增值的比率很低，这并不表明该行业的技术水平低，因为目前的收入是为推出新药而进行的长期研发和协调程序的结果，滞后时间为10-15年。提出了一种研究高技术医药国际贸易的新工具，其特点是按最终用途对术语项目进行分类，制定了《高技术医药中间产品清单》（根据《国际贸易标准分类》第4版和《英国和新西兰有限元分析》）;建议采用以下指标：提出了药品生产的进口依存度系数、药品“净化”出口系数和HTPI产量的进口覆盖系数及其计算公式。作者的方法是第一次创造机会来评估成本规模和制药行业对进口组件的依赖，这些组件体现了先进技术，是HTPI的工业供应。据发现，在乌克兰，外国中间高科技产品在该行业消费中的份额达到82.2%;该行业使用进口物质，主要为国内市场生产产品，不赚取外汇，甚至支付购买必要成分的费用;制造商不依赖国内生产的合成化学产品，主要是因为乌克兰几乎不存在用于药品需求的化学工业产品;而产量的增长依赖于国外的技术和中间产品。据证实，乌克兰的制药业严重依赖进口供应，以确保企业和医疗保健行业的顺利运作。已经查明了阻碍HTPI发展的主要内在障碍，包括培训专家方面的问题和缺乏其能力有助于解决该行业内在发展问题的科学家;缺乏对企业实体研究、技术和创新活动的国家援助;缺乏自有资金来增加研发支出和实施大规模投资和创新项目;缺乏廉价的贷款，因此乌克兰制药商发现自己与外国竞争对手相比处于不平等的条件下。提出了乌克兰HTPI发展的概念基础;证明了法律的变化，战略优先事项的定义和在乌克兰采用HTPI发展措施的便利性，该措施将涵盖药物成分的创造和开发（化学和生物技术产品），医疗产品，填料，包装材料，制药机械和设备，以帮助减少对外国技术的依赖，并提高生产本地化水平，就业和各级预算的收入。
The article substantiates various theoretical and applied principles of developing high-tech pharmaceutical industries (HTPI). It is established that the key problem of developing countries in this area is the dependence on resources and markets of developed countries, while the involvement of advanced foreign technologies can be a catalyst for increasing the technological potential of host countries (subject to the availability of proper knowledge and human capital, changes in the institutional environment, and improved the framework conditions for innovation). In the context of the development of HTPI, the author shows the importance of the network nature of the acquisition by pharmaceutical companies of sustainable competitive advantages based on resources that are difficult to simulate or replace. It is substantiated that networks built with local research institutions, higher education institutions, and research units of other companies, give pharmaceutical manufacturers the opportunity to access complementary assets and become their specific resource, which provides unique competitive advantages. The author reveals various methodological and statistical features of the categorization of industries by the level of technology in the conditions of globalization. It is substantiated that the current low value of the ratio of research and development (R&D) to value-added generated by pharmaceuticals of individual countries is not a sign of the industry’s low technological level, as the current revenues are the result of long-term R&D and harmonization procedures for launching new drugs with lags of 10-15 years. A new tool for the study of international trade in high-tech pharmaceuticals is proposed, whose peculiar feature consists in the categorization of nomenclature items by end use; the List of high-tech medical and pharmaceutical intermediate goods is formulated (in accordance with SITC Rev.4 and UKT FEA); the following indicators are proposed: the coefficient of import dependence of pharmaceutical production, the coefficient of "purified" exports of pharmaceutical products and the coefficient of imports coverage with HTPI output, and the formulas for their calculation are provided. The author's approach is the first to create the opportunity to assess the scale of costs and the dependence of the pharmaceutical industry on imported components that embody advanced technologies and are the industrial supplies for HTPI. It was found that in Ukraine the share of foreign intermediate high-tech goods in the consumption of the industry reaches 82.2%; the industry, working on imported substances, produces mainly products for the domestic market, without earning foreign currency, even to cover the cost of purchasing the necessary ingredients; manufacturers do not rely on synthesized chemical products of domestic production, primarily due to the fact that the products of the chemical industry for the needs of pharmaceuticals in Ukraine are virtually non-existent; and the increase in output depends on foreign technologies and intermediate goods. It is substantiated that Ukraine’s pharmaceutical industry is critically dependent on imported supplies to ensure the smooth operation of enterprises and the healthcare industry. Key endogenous barriers that hinder the development of HTPI have been identified, including problems in the training of specialists and a lack of scientists whose competencies would contribute to solving the problems of endogenous development of the industry; lack of state aid to business entities for research, and technological and innovative activities; lack of own funds to increase expenditures on R&D and implementation of large-scale investment and innovation projects; and lack of cheap loans, due to which Ukrainian pharmaceutical manufacturers find themselves in unequal conditions compared to foreign competitors. Conceptual bases of HTPI development in Ukraine are proposed; justified the expediency of legal changes, definition of strategic priorities and introduction of measures of development of HTPI in Ukraine based on the comprehensive approach, which will cover creation and development of pharmaceutical ingredients for medicines (chemical and biotechnological goods), medical products, fillers, packing materials, machinery and equipment for pharmaceuticals to help reduce the dependence on foreign technologies, and to increase the level of production localization, employment and revenues to the budgets of all levels.