Modeling Volcanic Processes: Modeling tephra sedimentation from volcanic plumes
Modeling Volcanic Processes: Modeling tephra sedimentation from volcanic plumes
复制标题
模拟火山过程：模拟火山羽流中的火山灰沉积
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Costa
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Bonadonna;A. Costa
火山喷发的火山灰可以传播数千公里，对人类和动物造成呼吸系统问题，对建筑物和基础设施造成严重破坏，并影响航空、农业和旅游等经济部门。在过去的几十年里，已经开发出了不同复杂程度的模型来描述火山灰的扩散。根据不同的应用，可以引入不同的简化和假设，使问题易于处理。高度复杂的模型不适合长期危险评估所需的计算费用高昂的概率计算。相比之下，通常用于概率评估的简化模型不得不为计算速度而牺牲物理公式的复杂性。火山灰矿床和灾害的全面了解只能从一个关键的和协同的应用模型具有不同程度的复杂性，从纯粹的经验，以充分的数字。本章回顾了火山灰扩散模拟的主要方法。爆炸性火山爆发引起了科学家的兴趣，因为它们对物理过程的戏剧性展示，它们在地球地质演化中的关键作用，以及它们对社会的潜在灾难性后果。提高我们对爆发性火山作用的理解的一个关键方法是研究由此产生的火山碎屑沉积物，这通常是爆发性喷发的唯一直接证据。火山碎屑沉积物保留了大量关于喷发性质的信息，如喷发质量、散装粒度分布和喷发强度。然而，火山灰福尔斯也对居住在活火山附近的人们构成了重大的危险。这些危害包括建筑物倒塌、水电供应中断、交通网络中断，以及可吸入灰、农作物污染和拉哈尔生成对健康的危害。了解火山灰坠落对公共安全至关重要。在本章中，火山灰是按索拉林松（1944）的原始含义使用的，它是所有从火山喷出的粒子的统称，不论大小、形状和成分如何，而火山灰落则表示粒子沉降的过程。
Overview Tephra erupted in volcanic plumes can be transported over distances of thousands of kilometers, causing respiratory problems to humans and animals, serious damage to buildings and infrastructure, and affecting economic sectors such as aviation, agriculture, and tourism. Models with different degrees of complexity have been developed over the last few decades to describe tephra dispersal. Depending on the application, different simplifications and assumptions can be introduced to make the problem tractable. Highly sophisticated models are not suited for the computationally expensive probabilistic calculations required by long-term hazard assessments. In contrast, the simplified models typically used for probabilistic assessments have to compromise the sophistication of the physical formulation for computational speed. A comprehensive understanding of tephra deposits and hazards can only result from a critical and synergistic application of models with different levels of sophistication, ranging from purely empirical to fully numerical. A review of the main approaches to tephra dispersal modeling is presented in this chapter. Introduction Explosive volcanic eruptions have intrigued scientists because of their dramatic display of physical processes, their crucial role in the geological evolution of Earth, and their potentially catastrophic consequences for society. A key way of improving our understanding of explosive volcanism is to study the resulting pyroclastic deposits, which often represent the only direct evidence of explosive eruptions. Tephra deposits retain a considerable amount of information about the nature of the eruption, such as erupted mass, bulk grain-size distribution, and eruption intensity. However, tephra falls also represent significant hazards for people living close to active volcanoes. These hazards include collapse of buildings, disruption to water and electricity supplies, disruption to transportation networks, as well as health hazards from respirable ash, crop pollution, and lahar generation. Developing an understanding of tephra fall is crucial to public safety. In this chapter tephra is used in the original sense of Thorarinsson (1944) as a collective term for all particles ejected from volcanoes, irrespective of size, shape, and composition, whereas tephra fall indicates the process of particle fallout.