Failing Families, Failing Science: Work-Family Conflict in Academic Science
Failing Families, Failing Science: Work-Family Conflict in Academic Science
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失败的家庭，失败的科学：学术科学中的工作与家庭冲突
DOI：
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Anne E. Lincoln
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Ecklund;Anne E. Lincoln
为什么我们在STEM学术管道的每个阶段都失去了女性，从本科生主修这些领域到达到正教授的地位？在过去几十年里，这一直是加强妇女在这些领域的代表性的努力的关键问题。国家科学基金会本身通过各种赠款(如机构转型先期赠款)投入了大量资金，以查明主要原因并采取补救措施来解决这一问题。在这些努力的同时，还开发了一项庞大的奖学金，以确定STEM妇女进步的障碍。出现的一个主要罪魁祸首是STEM领域的学术生涯设计，这使得STEM教职员工很难在保持积极参与家庭责任的同时成为成功的科学家。这个问题是社会学家伊莱恩·霍华德·埃克伦德和安妮·E·林肯所著的《失败的家庭》《失败的科学》的核心。通过调查数据和来自排名靠前的美国研究型大学的生物学家和物理学家的定性采访，作者描绘了一幅学术科学家在建立职业生涯时遇到的复杂问题的图景。呼吁采取行动的核心是，学术科学需要摆脱完全献身于科学事业的规范。这种思维模式与新一代科学家--无论是男性还是女性--的目标越来越不匹配，他们受到规范和结构的困扰，这些规范和结构使得他们很难在学术科学之外承担有意义的责任。除非这种改变成为现实，否则他们的工作表明，随着时间的推移，管道泄漏问题可能会变得更加严重，因为渴望更全面生活的年轻科学家越来越有可能转向学术科学以外的职业。在一个日益充斥着关于STEM领域女性的书籍和文章的背景下，埃克伦德和林肯的工作提供了两个主要贡献。第一个贡献是一个强有力的论点，即STEM领域的人遇到的工作-家庭问题对男性和女性的伤害越来越大。这一争论的核心是理想工作者规范所起的关键作用，这些规范规定了对科学的完全奉献，而其他事项，如拥有个人生活或积极参与家庭责任，被视为
W hy do we lose women across each stage of the STEM academic pipeline, from majoring in these fields as undergraduates to reaching the status of full professor? This has been the million-dollar question undergirding efforts to enhance the representation of women in these fields over the past few decades. The National Science Foundation itself has invested considerable funds through a variety of grants (e.g., ADVANCE institutional transformation grants) to identify the main causes and implement remedies to address this problem. Alongside such efforts, a voluminous scholarship has developed that identifies barriers to STEM women’s progress. One central culprit that emerges is the design of academic careers in the STEM fields, which makes it difficult for STEM faculty members to be successful scientists while remaining active participants in family responsibilities. This problem is at the heart of Failing Families, Failing Science, by sociologists Elaine Howard Ecklund and Anne E. Lincoln. With both survey data and qualitative interviews from biologists and physicists in highly ranked US research universities, the authors paint a complex picture of the issues academic scientists encounter as they build their careers. The central call to action centers around the need for academic science to move away from norms of complete devotion to scientific careers. This mind-set is increasingly mismatched with the goals of newer cohorts of scientists—both men and women—who are troubled by norms and structures that make it difficult to have meaningful responsibilities outside academic science. Unless such change is realized, their work suggests that the leaking pipeline problem is likely to become more severe across time, as younger scientists who desire more holistic lives are increasingly likely to turn to careers outside academic science. In a landscape increasingly filled with books and articles about women in the STEM fields, Ecklund and Lincoln’s work offers two main contributions. The first contribution is a forceful argument that the work-family issues encountered by people in the STEM fields are increasingly harmful to men as well as women. At the crux of this argument is the pivotal role played by ideal-worker norms that stipulate complete devotion to science, with other matters, such as having a personal life or being actively engaged in family responsibilities, viewed as