The microglial cell. A historical review
The microglial cell. A historical review
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DOI：
10.1016/0022-510x(95)00209-k
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发表时间：
1995-12-01
影响因子：
4.4
通讯作者：
Barron, KD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barron, KD
有效地，现代研究已经证实了Hortega的观点，即小胶质细胞起源于在胚胎和出生后早期侵入大脑的单核细胞-巨噬细胞系列的循环单核细胞。它们的吞噬能力在标志着大脑成熟的大脑重塑过程中得到锻炼。然后它们转化为分支的静息小胶质细胞，在Hortega的银碳酸盐染色技术和现代凝集素结合方法中可见。反应性小胶质细胞对损伤的反应表现为肥大和增生，并且可能会或可能不会继续形成典型的载脂吞噬细胞。活化的小胶质细胞显示它们与循环单核细胞共有的许多标志物抗原的上调，包括表明其免疫活性性质的主要组织相容性类（MHC）II类抗原。然而，MHC I类和II类的表达和发展的细胞质和质膜抗原的免疫组化阳性的单核细胞-巨噬细胞的特点并不一定表明免疫反应，虽然有充分的证据表明，小胶质细胞可以作为抗原呈递细胞。相反，小胶质细胞对大脑微环境的变化非常敏感，无论兴奋机制或物质的性质如何。它们可以被认为具有警觉、保护和支持功能，可以迅速组装以应对感染、身体伤害、生理变化和全身影响。除了具有不同作用的细胞因子的加工和分泌外，在抑制星形胶质细胞增生的过程中，它们分泌包括神经生长因子在内的支持神经元的因子。它们在铁代谢以及铁和铁蛋白的储存中起重要作用。它们可以促进中枢神经系统的再生。它们主要参与诸如获得性免疫缺陷综合征、多发性硬化、朊病毒疾病和退行性疾病，阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病。随着年龄的增长，它们变得越来越多，铁和铁蛋白变得更丰富，并表现出表型改变，例如，在静息状态下通常不能用免疫化学方法证明的MHC II类抗原的表达。在过去的十年里，我们对小胶质细胞的了解以指数级的速度增长，并仍在继续。
Effectively, modern research has confirmed Hortega's view of the origin of the microgliacyte from circulating monocytes of the monocyte-macrophage series that invade the brain during embryonic and early postnatal life. Their phagocytic capacity is exercised during the brain remodelling that marks brain maturation. They then convert to the ramified resting microglial cell visualized in the silver carbonate staining technique of Hortega and by modern lectin-binding methods. In response to injury, reactive microglia exhibit hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and may or may not go on to form typical lipid-laden phagocytes. Activated microglia show upregulation of the many marker antigens they share with circulating monocytes, including the major histocompatibility class (MHC) class II antigens that bespeak their immunocompetent nature. However, MHC class I and II expression and development of immunohistochemical positivity for cytoplasmic and plasma membrane antigens that characterize the monocyte-macrophage do not necessarily indicate an immunological response though there is ample evidence that microglia can serve as antigen-presenting cells. Rather, microglia are extraordinarily sensitive to changes in the brain microenvironment, whatever the nature of the exciting mechanism or substance. They may be considered to serve an ever alert, protective and supportive function that can be assembled rapidly to deal with infections, physical injuries, physiologic changes and systemic influences. In addition to elaboration and secretion of cytokines with varied actions, e.g., suppression of astrogliosis, they secrete factors, including nerve growth factor, which are supportive of neurons. They have an important role in iron metabolism and the storage of iron and ferritin. They may promote central nervous system regeneration. They are prominently involved in such pathologic processes as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, multiple sclerosis, prion diseases and the degenerative disorders, e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. With aging, they grow more numerous, become richer in iron and ferritin and exhibit phenotypic alteration, e.g., the expression of MHC class II antigens that are not ordinarily demonstrable immunohistochemically in the resting state. The rate of growth of our knowledge of microglia during the last decade has been exponential and continues.