The influence of pesticide use on amphibian chytrid fungal infections varies with host life stage across broad spatial scales: XXXX
The influence of pesticide use on amphibian chytrid fungal infections varies with host life stage across broad spatial scales: XXXX
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农药使用对两栖类壶菌真菌感染的影响在广泛的空间尺度上随宿主生命阶段的不同而变化：XXXX
DOI：
10.1111/geb.12784
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
Rohr, Jason R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rumschlag, Samantha L.;Rohr, Jason R.
广泛使用的农药可能通过对宿主-病原体相互作用的影响来影响病原体在景观中的分布。关于农药对两栖动物和水生真菌病原菌水蛭壶菌（batrachochytrium dendroatidis, Bd）的影响，实证研究支持两种假设：(a)农药对水蛭壶菌具有毒性，降低了水生两栖动物幼虫的感染风险；并且，(b)在两栖动物发育早期接触杀虫剂会增加变态后的疾病风险。本研究的目的是评估这些来自实验室实验的模式是否在宿主物种之间是一致的，并在广泛的空间尺度上发生在野外。地点连续美国时间：1998 - 2009。方法对49种两栖动物的3946个个体进行Bd感染评估，得出155个种群的Bd患病率。我们使用多模型推理来检验两栖动物种群中双虫病感染流行与以下因素之间的关系：(a)农药使用总量，(b)农药使用类型（除草剂、杀虫剂或杀菌剂），以及(c)生命阶段最常用的农药化合物，控制了影响双虫病分布的几个有记录的因素。我们的研究结果表明，在控制杀虫剂和杀菌剂的使用时，多种除草剂化合物的使用与水生幼虫期的低感染风险密切相关，而与陆地变质后阶段的高风险密切相关。由于除草剂、杀虫剂和杀菌剂的使用都是正相关的，因此我们要谨慎，不要假设杀虫剂和杀菌剂不会影响Bd的分布。农药对疾病分布的影响是复杂的，应在大范围和跨宿主物种，特别是在广泛使用和暴露的环境中予以强烈考虑。对疾病分布的准确预测可能导致更有效的管理策略，以限制疾病传播。
AimWidespread pesticides might influence pathogen distributions across landscapes via effects on host–pathogen interactions. Empirical research supports two hypotheses regarding effects of pesticides on amphibians and the aquatic fungal pathogenBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd): (a) pesticides can be toxic to Bd, reducing infection risk of aquatic larval amphibians; and, (b) exposure to pesticides early in amphibian development can increase disease risk after metamorphosis. The aim of this research is to evaluate whether these patterns from laboratory experiments are consistent across host species and occur in the field at broad spatial scales.LocationContiguous U.S.A.Time period1998–2009.Major taxa studiedAmphibian hosts and Bd.MethodsOur data included 3,946 individuals evaluated for Bd infection across 49 amphibian species, which resulted in 155 estimates of Bd prevalence in populations. We used multimodel inference to examine associations between Bd infection prevalence in amphibian populations and (a) total pesticide use, (b) pesticide use by type (herbicide, insecticide or fungicide), and (c) the most commonly used pesticide compounds across life stages, controlling for several factors documented to affect the distribution of Bd.ResultsConsistent with laboratory findings, our results indicate that use of multiple herbicide compounds is most closely associated with low infection risk in the aquatic larval stage but high risk in the terrestrial post‐metamorphic stage when controlling for insecticide and fungicide use. We caution against assuming that insecticides and fungicides do not influence Bd distributions, because use of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are all correlated positively.Main conclusionsThe effects that pesticides can have on disease distributions are complex and should be considered strongly at broad scales and across host species, especially in environments in which use and exposure are widespread. Accurate predictions of disease distributions may lead to more effective management strategies to limit disease spread.