Global patterns of socioeconomic biomass flows in the year 2000: A comprehensive assessment of supply, consumption and constraints
Global patterns of socioeconomic biomass flows in the year 2000: A comprehensive assessment of supply, consumption and constraints
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.07.012
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发表时间：
2008-04-15
影响因子：
7
通讯作者：
Haberl, Helmut
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Krausmann, Fridolin;Erb, Karl-Heinz;Haberl, Helmut
人类对生物质的利用已成为全球碳和氮地球化学循环的主要组成部分。利用土地进行生物量生产（如耕地）是对生物多样性的最大压力之一。同时，生物质是人类不可或缺的食物、动物饲料、原材料和能源。为了支持对这些复杂问题的研究，我们在此提出了对2000年全球社会经济生物量收获、使用和贸易的全面评估。我们制定了国家一级的牲畜平衡和一套一致的因素，以估计国际统计数据中未涵盖的已使用生物质的流动（例如放牧生物质，作物残留物）和间接流动（即收获期间销毁但未使用的生物质）。我们发现，目前全球陆地生物量拨款达18.7亿吨干物质每年（Pg/年）或全球陆地NPP的16%，其中6.6 Pg/年是间接流量。在经济上使用的植物生物量中，只有12%（12.1微克/年）直接用作人类食物，而58%用作牲畜饲料，20%用作原料，10%用作薪材。在生物质的供应和使用方面，各区域有相当大的差异。区分世界11个地区，我们发现，提取使用的生物量范围从0.3至2.8吨/公顷/年，人均值1.2至11.7吨/帽/年（干物质）。全球生物质贸易总量占所有提取生物质的7.5%。对这些区域模式的分析表明，人均生物量使用水平是由历史上演变的土地使用模式和人口密度决定的，而不是由富裕程度或经济发展状况决定的。人口密度低的地区人均生物量使用水平最高，人口密度高的地区最低。牲畜消耗所有收获生物量的30-75%，是解释生物量使用区域差异的另一个重要因素。全球生物质需求预计将在未来几十年内增长;文章讨论了与这种情况有关的一些选择和可能的限制。(C)2007 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Human use of biomass has become a major component of the global biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. The use of land for biomass production (e.g. cropland) is among the most important pressures on biodiversity. At the same time, biomass is indispensable for humans as food, animal feed, raw material and energy source. In order to support research into these complex issues, we here present a comprehensive assessment of global socioeconomic biomass harvest, use and trade for the year 2000. We developed country-level livestock balances and a consistent set of factors to estimate flows of used biomass not covered by international statistics (e.g. grazed biomass, crop residues) and indirect flows (i.e. biomass destroyed during harvest but not used). We found that current global terrestrial biomass appropriation amounted to 18.7 billion tonnes dry matter per year (Pg/yr) or 16% of global terrestrial NPP of which 6.6 Pg/yr were indirect flows. only 12% of the economically used plant biomass (12.1 Pg/yr) directly served as human food, while 58% were used as feed for livestock, 20% as raw material and 10% as fuelwood. There are considerable regional variations in biomass supply and use. Distinguishing 11 world regions, we found that extraction of used biomass ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 t/ha/yr, per-capita values varied between 1.2 and 11.7 t/cap/yr (dry matter). Aggregate global biomass trade amounted to 7.5% of all extracted biomass. An analysis of these regional patterns revealed that the level of biomass use per capita is determined by historically evolved patterns of land use and population density rather than by affluence or economic development status. Regions with low population density have the highest level of per-capita biomass use, high-density regions the lowest. Livestock, consuming 30-75% of all harvested biomass, is another important factor explaining regional variations in biomass use. Global biomass demand is expected to grow during the next decades; the article discusses some options and possible limitations related to such a scenario. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.