Neural Basis of Elementary Behavior in Stick Insects
Neural Basis of Elementary Behavior in Stick Insects
复制标题
竹节虫基本行为的神经基础
DOI：
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发表时间：
1983
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Professor Dr. Ulrich Bässler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Professor Dr. Ulrich Bässler
1引言。-1.1问题的陈述。-1.2实验动物及其行为。-1.3实验策略。-2小枝模拟的行为组件-股骨-胫骨关节的实验。-2.1小枝模拟及其组件。-2.2活动状态的控制。-2.3死亡。-2.4过敏症(Flexibilitas Cerea)。-2.4.1对过敏症的描述和定义。-2.4.2股骨-胫骨关节的过敏症作为反馈控制回路的特征。-2。5摇摆。-2.5.1摇摆的描述。-2.5.2摇摆运动的可能起源。-2.5.3开放的股骨-胫骨控制环的频率响应。-2.5.4感官消融后的摇摆-中央振荡器的定义和程序。-2.5.5进一步支持中心振荡器。-2.6股骨-胫骨控制环。-2.6.1胫骨伸肌和屈肌的力测量。-2.6.2基于以下结果的控制系统仿真肌肉力量测量。-2.6.3增益控制。-2.6.4其他感觉器官对控制环的输入输出关系的影响。-2.7麻木和摇摆的进化。-2.7.1血吸虫的股骨-胫骨控制环。-2.7.2股骨-胫骨控制环，-2.7.3胫骨-胫骨控制环的神经基础-2.8.1胫伸肌的运动神经元-2.8.2胫骨伸肌的运动神经元对股骨脊索器刺激的反应-2.8.3丘脑的FETI和SETI膜电位的变化-2.8.4控制环元素的神经元等价性。-2.9系统论(控制学)方法的意义这里使用的策略。-2.10唤醒。-3静止动物的其他行为。-3.1爪子弯曲。-3.2受限动物的股骨-胫骨关节的主动运动。-3.2.1运动的定量描述。-3.2.2对活动动物的脊索器官的刺激。-3.2.3反射反转，程序依赖的反应。-3.3髋关节-粗隆关节的控制。-3.4髋下关节的控制。-3.4.1反应的描述。-3.4.2髋收缩肌的运动神经元。-3.4.3髋关节后收运动神经元对关节运动的反应。-3.5站立动物抬腿。-3.6站立动物控制高度。-4行走。-4.1介绍。-4.2单腿控制。-4.2.1描述单腿行走的动作。-4.2.1.1自由移动的动物。-4.2.1.2成年人在踏轮上行走。-4.2.1.3水银衬底上的动物。-4.2.2描述站立阶段单腿关节的扭矩。-4.2.3正常步态下运动神经元的活动。-4.2.4对单腿行走运动的传入影响。-4.2.4.1股骨脊索器官。-4.2.4.2转子上的钟形感受器。-4.2.4.3髋下关节上的位置感受器。-4.2.5一个阶段延长时的马达输出。-4.2.5.1保持在站立阶段。-4.2.5.2保持在摇摆阶段(敬礼)。-4.2.5.3结论。-4.2.6步行程序的结构和定位。-4.2.6.1周边消融。-4.2.6.2感官的非特异性刺激。-4.2。6.3刺激单个感受器器官。-4.2.6.4消除较高中心。-4.2.6.5结论。-4.2.7对行走表面不规则的反应。-4.2.7.1行走时控制股骨-胫骨关节位置。-4.2.7.2负荷增加。-4.2.7.3摆动阶段障碍。-4.2.7.4节段高度控制。-4.2.8单腿控制模型。-4.3双腿之间的相互作用不会影响时机。-4.3.1后腿“瞄准”中腿的膝部。-4.3.2踩踏-膝部反射。-4.3.3负荷增加。-4.3.4搜寻动作对其他腿的影响。-4.3.5行走时控制身体高度。-4.3.6单腿截肢。-4.4协调。-4.4.1腿部协调-步态描述。-4.4.1.1仙女-4.4.1.2自由行走成人-4.4.1.3成人踏着脚轮行走-4.4.1.4在水星表面行走-4.4.1.5协调对阻力的依赖-4.4.2手术干预后的协调-4.4.3协调模型-4.5向后行走-5方向-5.1重力方向-5.1.1行为描述-5.1.2行为中涉及的受体-5.1.3原始感觉输入的处理。-5.2光线方向。-5.2.1 Carausius眼。-5.2.2光记忆倾向。-5.2.3视觉运动反应--色觉。-5.2.4视觉模式取向。-5.3视觉定向。-6肌肉解剖，紧张，-6.1.1骨骼和关节。-6.1.2肌肉。-6.1.3神经系统。-6.2腿部感觉器官的解剖学和生理学。-6.2.1髋关节-6.2.2股骨。-6.2.3股骨。-6.2.4胫骨。-6.2.5踝关节。-6.3腿部肌肉的运动神经支配。-6.3.1髋关节牵引肌。-6.3.2降粗隆肌。-6.3.3胫骨伸肌。-6.3.4胫骨屈肌。-6.3.5指骨后缩肌。-参考文献。
1 Introduction.- 1.1 Statement of the Problem.- 1.2 The Experimental Animal and Its Behavior.- 1.3 Experimental Strategy.- 2 Behavioral Components of Twig Mimesis - Experiments on the Femur-Tibia Joint.- 2.1 Twig Mimesis and Its Components.- 2.2 Control of the State of Activity.- 2.3 Thanatosis.- 2.4 Catalepsy (Flexibilitas Cerea).- 2.4.1 Description and Definition of Catalepsy.- 2.4.2 Catalepsy in the Femur-Tibia Joint as a Characteristic of a Feedback Control Loop.- 2.5 Rocking.- 2.5.1 Description of Rocking.- 2.5.2 Possible Origins of Rocking Movements.- 2.5.3 Frequency Response of the Open Femur-Tibia Control Loop.- 2.5.4 Rocking After Ablation of Sense Organs - Definition of Central Oscillator and Program.- 2.5.5 Further Support for a Central Oscillator.- 2.6 The Femur-Tibia Control Loop.- 2.6.1 Force Measurements on the Extensor and Flexor Muscles of the Tibia.- 2.6.2 Simulation of the Control System Based on the Results of Muscle Force Measurements.- 2.6.3 Gain Control.- 2.6.4 Influence of Other Sense Organs on the Input-Output Relationships of the Control Loop.- 2.7 Evolution of Catalepsy and Rocking.- 2.7.1 The Femur-Tibia Control Loop in Schistocerca.- 2.7.2 Femur-Tibia Control Loop, Catalepsy and Rocking in Extatosoma tiaratum and Cuniculina impigra.- 2.7.3 Hypotheses on the Evolution of Catalepsy and Rocking.- 2.8 Neural Basis of the Femur-Tibia Control Loop.- 2.8.1 The Motor Neurons of the Extensor Tibiae Muscle.- 2.8.2 The Responses of FETi and SETi to Stimulation of the Femoral Chordotonal Organ.- 2.8.3 Alterations of the FETi and SETi Membrane Potential in Cuniculina.- 2.8.4 Neuronal Equivalents of the Elements of Control-Loop Simulation.- 2.9 Significance of Systems Theory (Cybernetic) Methods for the Strategy Used Here.- 2.10 Arousal.- 3 Other Behaviors of the Stationary Animal.- 3.1 Claw Flexing.- 3.2 Active Movements of the Femur-Tibia Joint in Restrained Animals.- 3.2.1 Quantitative Description of the Movement.- 3.2.2 Stimulation of the Chordotonal Organ in the Active Animal.- 3.2.3 Reflex Reversal, Program-Dependent Reaction.- 3.3 Control of the Coxa-Trochanter Joint.- 3.4 Control of the Subcoxal Joint.- 3.4.1 Description of the Response.- 3.4.2 The Motor Neurons of the Retractor Coxae Muscle.- 3.4.3 Response of the Retractor Coxae Motor Neurons to Movement of the Joint.- 3.5 Leg Raising by the Standing Animal.- 3.6 Height Control by a Standing Animal.- 4 Walking.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Control of a Single Leg.- 4.2.1 Description of the Walking Movement of a Single Leg.- 4.2.1.1 Free-Moving Animals.- 4.2.1.2 Adults Walking on a Treadwheel.- 4.2.1.3 Animals on a Mercury Substrate.- 4.2.2 Description of the Torques in Single Leg Joints During Stance Phase.- 4.2.3 Motor Neuron Activity During a Normal Step.- 4.2.4 Afferent Influences on the Walking Movement of a Single Leg.- 4.2.4.1 Femoral Chordotonal Organ.- 4.2.4.2 Campaniform Sensilla on the Trochanter.- 4.2.4.3 Position Receptors on the Subcoxal Joint.- 4.2.5 Motor Output During Prolongation of a Phase.- 4.2.5.1 Remaining in Stance Phase.- 4.2.5.2 Remaining in Swing Phase (Saluting).- 4.2.5.3 Conclusions.- 4.2.6 Structure and Localization of the Walking Program.- 4.2.6.1 Ablation of the Periphery.- 4.2.6.2 Unspecific Stimulation of Sense Organs.- 4.2.6.3 Stimulation of Single Receptor Organs.- 4.2.6.4 Elimination of Higher Centers.- 4.2.6.5 Conclusions.- 4.2.7 Responses to Irregularities of the Walking Surface.- 4.2.7.1 Control of Femur-Tibia Joint Position During Walking.- 4.2.7.2 Load Increase.- 4.2.7.3 Obstacles During the Swing Phase.- 4.2.7.4 Control of Segment Height.- 4.2.8 Model for the Control of a Single Leg.- 4.3 Interactions Between Legs that Do Not.- Influence Timing.- 4.3.1 Hindleg "Aims" at Tarsus of Middle Leg.- 4.3.2 Treading-on-Tarsus (TOT) Reflex.- 4.3.3 Increased Loading.- 4.3.4 Influence of Searching Movements on the Other Legs.- 4.3.5 Control of Body Height During Walking.- 4.3.6 Amputation of Single Legs.- 4.4 Coordination.- 4.4.1 Description of Leg Coordination - Gaits.- 4.4.1.1 Nymph Walking.- 4.4.1.2 Free Walking Adults.- 4.4.1.3 Adult Walking on a Treadwheel.- 4.4.1.4 Walking on a Mercury Surface.- 4.4.1.5 Dependence of Coordination on the Resistance.- 4.4.2 Coordination After Surgical Intervention.- 4.4.3 Coordination Models.- 4.5 Walking Backwards.- 5 Orientation.- 5.1 Gravity Orientation.- 5.1.1 Description of Behavior.- 5.1.2 Receptors Involved in Behavior.- 5.1.3 Processing of Proprioceptive Input.- 5.2 Light Orientation.- 5.2.1 The Carausius Eye.- 5.2.2 Photomenotaxis.- 5.2.3 Optomotor Response - Color Vision.- 5.2.4 Orientation to Visual Patterns.- 5.3 Idiothetic Orientation.- 6 Anatomy of the Muscles, Nerves, and Sense Organs of the Carausius Thorax.- 6.1 Anatomy of the Thorax and the Legs.- 6.1.1 Skeletal Components and Joints.- 6.1.2 Musculature.- 6.1.3 Nervous System.- 6.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Sense Organs of the Legs.- 6.2.1 Coxa.- 6.2.2 Trochanter.- 6.2.3 Femur.- 6.2.4 Tibia.- 6.2.5 Tarsus.- 6.3 Motor Innervation of the Leg Muscles.- 6.3.1 Retractor Coxae.- 6.3.2 Depressor Trochanteris.- 6.3.3 Extensor Tibiae.- 6.3.4 Flexor Tibiae.- 6.3.5 Retractor Unguis.- References.