Effects of melanocortins on fetal development
Effects of melanocortins on fetal development
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1741-4520.2011.00316.x
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发表时间：
2011-06
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
E. Simamura;H. Shimada;H. Shoji;H. Otani;T. Hatta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
E. Simamura;H. Shimada;H. Shoji;H. Otani;T. Hatta
黑皮质素、促肾上腺皮质激素 (ACTH) 和 α、β 和 γ 黑素细胞刺激激素 (MSH) 在胎盘中产生并分泌到胚胎/胎儿中。胎儿血浆中的 ACTH 浓度高于母体血浆，并且在大鼠妊娠中期达到峰值，而 ACTH 的产生在后期阶段开始于胎儿垂体前叶。黑皮质素受体 (MC1-5R) 是 ACTH 和 α-、β- 和 γ-MSH 的受体，在各种成人器官中表达。这些受体的具体功能已在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质 (HPA) 轴和皮肤中的 HPA 轴样网络中得到了充分研究，并且还研究了对白细胞的抗炎作用。 MC2R和/或MC5R还在小鼠和大鼠胚胎/胎儿的不同阶段的睾丸、肺、肾、肾上腺、肝脏、胰腺、脑和血细胞中表达。胚胎和胎儿中的黑皮质素促进 HPA 轴的成熟，还有助于肺、睾丸、大脑和血细胞的发育。最近，在胎儿中揭示了一种独特的ACTH功能：胎盘ACTH，它由母体白血病抑制因子（LIF）分泌，并诱导胎儿有核红细胞分泌LIF。最后，母体LIF-胎盘ACTH-胎儿LIF信号中继调节LIF水平并促进胎儿神经发生，这表明ACTH在母胎信号通路中充当胎儿发育的信号转导器或效应器。
Melanocortins, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α‐, β‐, and γ‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (MSH) are produced in the placenta and secreted into embryos/fetuses. ACTH concentrations are higher in fetal plasma than in maternal plasma and peak at mid‐gestation in rats, whereas ACTH production starts in the anterior lobe of the fetal pituitary at later stages. Melanocortin receptors (MC1‐5R), receptors for ACTH and α‐, β‐ and γ‐MSH, are expressed in various adult organs. The specific function of these receptors has been well examined in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical (HPA) axis and the HPA axis‐like network in the skin, and anti‐inflammatory effects for white blood cells have also been investigated. MC2R and/or MC5R are also expressed in the testis, lung, kidney, adrenal, liver, pancreas, brain and blood cells at different stages in mouse and rat embryos/fetuses. Melanocortins in embryos and fetuses promote maturation of the HPA axis and also contribute to the development of lung, testis, brain and blood cells. Recently, a unique ACTH function was revealed in fetuses: placental ACTH, which is secreted by the maternal leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and induces LIF secretion from fetal nucleated red blood cells. Finally, the maternal LIF‐placental ACTH‐fetal LIF signal relay regulates the LIF level and promotes neurogenesis in fetuses, which suggests that ACTH acts as a signal transducer or effector for fetal development in the maternal‐fetal signal pathway.