VIII.—NOTES: Elements involved in Emotions
VIII.—NOTES: Elements involved in Emotions
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VIII.——注释：情绪涉及的要素
作者：
James M'cosh
情绪中的元素。长期以来，我一直不满意心理哲学书籍中对情感的描述。特别是，“感觉”和“敏感性”这两个词被用来指两种不同的东西，一方面是像快乐和痛苦这样的感觉，另一方面是像希望、恐惧、怜悯这样的心理情感，这引起了很大的混乱。前者是简单的不可分解的状态;后者涉及几个元素。在一本不久将出版的著作中，我愿意努力揭示这些要素。与此同时，我向MIND的读者提出了我的观点的摘要。四个年龄和气质差不多的人坐在同一辆车里。在一个特定的停留地点，他们被告知，某个人刚刚突然和意外地死亡。其中一个人看起来非常冷漠。第二个人回忆起已经发生的事情，但丝毫不受影响。第三个看起来很伤心。第四种是被悲伤淹没，表现在眼泪、哭泣和惊呼中。在我们面前的四个人的不同之处在一个方面，他们都是一样的：一个通知已经向他们发出。第一个是外国人，不懂交流。第二个从来没有见过死者，对他没有特别的尊重。第三个人经常在社交和商业交易中与他见面，并对他怀有极大的敬意。第四个人是死者的兄弟，他和死者之间有着深厚的亲情和千百种以前和以后的联系。从这样一个caae我们可以注意到，为了情感，首先需要一些理解或理解;外国人没有感觉，因为他没有想法或信仰。我们还可以进一步观察到，第二，这一定是某种感情;因为陌生人对这件事不感兴趣。感情从井中涌出，其强烈程度与沃茨成正比，兄弟间的感情比朋友间的感情更强烈。第三，很明显，受影响的porsons处于移动或兴奋状态。第四个特点出现在面容的悲伤和身体结构的激动中。因此，我们可以看到四个要素：第一，我们可以注意到情感、动机原则或行动的源泉，或者我更愿意称之为欲望。在说明性的例子中，有一个朋友的爱和一个兄弟的爱。但是，欲望可能存在于数量巨大、种类繁多的其他动机原则中，例如对快乐的热爱、对财富的热爱、复仇或道德上的认可。这些欲望可能是原始的，
Elements involved in Emotions.—I have long been dissatisfied with the account given of Emotion in books of mental philosophy. In particular great confusion has been introduced by the words' feeling,'and'sensibility'being employed to designate two such different things as sensations like pleasure and pain on the one hand, and mental emotions like hope, fear, pity on the other. The former are simple unresolvable states; in the latter are involved several elements. In a work to be published at no distant date I aui to make an endeavour to unfold these elements. Meanwhile I present to the readers of MIND a summary of my views. Four persons of much the same age and temperament are travelling in the same vehicle. At a particular stopping-place it is intimated to them that a certain person has just died suddenly and unexpectedly. One of the company looks perfectly stolid. A second comprehends what has taken place, but is in no way affected. The third looks and evidently feols sad. The fourth is overwhelmed with grief which finds expression in tears, sobs, and exclamations. Whence the difference of the four individuals before us 1 In one respect they are all alike: an announcement has been made to them. The first is a foreigner, and has not understood the communication. The second had never met with the deceased, and could have no special regard for him. The third had often met with him in social intercourse and business transactions, and been led to cherish a great esteem for him. The fourth was the brother of the departed, and was bound to him by native affection and a thousand ties earlier and later. From such a caae we may notice that in order to emotion there is need first of some understanding or apprehension; the foreigner had no feeling because he had no idea or belief. We may observe further that thero must secondly be an affection of some kind; for the stranger was not interested in the occurrence. The emotion flows forth from a well, and is strong in proportion to the waters; is stronger in the brother than in the friend. It is evident, thirdly, that the porsons affected are in a moved or excited state. A fourth peculiarity has appeared in the sadness of the countenance and the agitations of the bodily frame. Four elements have thus come forth to view.First, we may note the Affection, the Motive Principle or Spring of Action, or what I prefer calling the Appetence. In the illustrative case there is the love of a friend and the love of a brother. But the Appetence may consist in an immense number and variety of other motive principles, such as the love of pleasure, the love of wealth, or revenge or moral approbation. These appetences may be original,