Severe hailstorms in Britain and Ireland, a climatological survey and hazard assessment
Severe hailstorms in Britain and Ireland, a climatological survey and hazard assessment
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DOI：
10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.034
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发表时间：
2009-07
影响因子：
5.5
通讯作者：
J. Webb;D. Elsom;G. Meaden
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Webb;D. Elsom;G. Meaden
1986年，龙卷风和风暴研究组织（Tornado and Storm Research Organisation，TORRO）开发并出版了一个11点的雹暴强度等级，自公元1141年第一次有记录的雹暴事件以来，该等级已被用于记录英国和爱尔兰已知发生的2500多场雹暴;该等级最近（2005年）被修订，增加了其他参数。大多数分析都与英国有关，但也提到了爱尔兰记录的更为极端的事件。这些岛屿上最强烈的冰雹达到了TORRO国际等级的H8强度，该等级从H0扩展到H10。75年1930年至2004年，本文探讨了显着的，破坏性（H2或更高强度）风暴的季节性频率和地理分布。本文还讨论了不太常见的气候学（包括日发病率），但潜在的破坏性风暴的H5强度或以上，使用更长的时间1800年至2004年，特别注意冰雹带的长度和宽度。天气的起源，这些重大事件，在已知的，进行了讨论，特别是参照兰姆的分类天气类型在不列颠群岛从1861年起。TORRO的数据库中记录了超过2500场英国和爱尔兰的冰雹，其中超过1300场的冰雹强度为H2或更高，包括1800年以来的156场英国风暴，达到TORRO H等级的H4 - 5或更高强度。不列颠群岛冰雹的地理分布表明，发生频率最高的重大破坏性风暴（H2或更高强度，冰雹直径通常超过15毫米）发生在英格兰中部和东部，当绘制发生率时，东米德兰兹、东英吉利和泰晤士河谷下游最为明显。自1870年以来，最严重的（H5强度或更高）事件主要与气旋，南风或东南风天气类型有关;然而，在分类中，有一个显着的少数（19%）与反气旋元素有关。对于这种严重程度的风暴（例如，有可能造成严重的结构损坏、飞机机身点蚀，甚至有造成严重伤害的风险），报告将在较长时间内更加一致。这些破坏性的风暴（最近的"集群"是在1992年至1997年之间）通常沿着从S，SSW或SW到N，NNE或NE的路径移动，带长通常为25公里或更长（在一个案例中达到335公里），带宽有时超过10公里。对1800年以来的数据库的分析表明，这些更极端（H5强度加）的事件在7月有一个非常明显的最大值。
In 1986, the Tornado and Storm Research Organisation (TORRO) developed and published an eleven point Hailstorm Intensity Scale and this has been used to characterise more than 2500 hailstorms known to have occurred in Britain and Ireland since the first documented hailstorm event of 1141 AD; this scale has recently (2005) been revised with additional parameters. Most analyses relate to Great Britain, but reference is made to the more extreme recorded events in Ireland. The most intense hailstorm in these Islands reached intensity H8 on the TORRO international scale which extends from intensities H0 to H10. For the 75 years 1930 to 2004 this paper examines significant, damaging (H2 or more intensity) storms in respect of seasonal frequency and geographical distribution. This paper also discusses the climatology (including diurnal incidence) of the less common, but potentially devastating storms of H5 intensity or more, using the much longer period 1800 to 2004 and with particular attention to hail swath lengths and widths. The synoptic origins for these major events, where known, are discussed, with particular reference to Lamb's classification of weather types across the British Isles from 1861 onwards. More than 2500 British and Irish hailstorms are recorded in TORRO's database of which over 1300 are of hailstorm intensity H2 or more, including 156 British storms since 1800 that reached intensity H4–5 or more on the TORRO H scale. The geographical distribution of hailstorms in the British Isles shows that the highest frequency of significant, damaging storms (H2 or more intensity with hailstones usually over 15 mm diameter) is in central and eastern England, with the East Midlands, East Anglia and the lower Thames Valley most conspicuous when the incidences are mapped. Since 1870 the severest (H5 intensity or greater) events have been predominantly associated with cyclonic, southerly or south-easterly weather types; however a significant minority (19%) occurred with an anticyclonic element in the classification. For storms of this severity (e.g. with potential for severe structural damage, pitting of aircraft bodywork and even the risk of serious injuries), reporting will have been more consistent over a longer period. These destructive storms, (the most recent “cluster” of which was between 1992 and 1997) have typically followed a track from the S, SSW or SW to the N, NNE or NE with a swath length often 25 km or more (reaching 335 km in one case) and a swath width sometimes in excess of 10 km. Analysis of the database since 1800 indicates a very conspicuous July maximum for these more extreme (H5 intensity plus) events.