Cloud particle measurements in thunderstorm anvils and possible weather threat to aviation
Cloud particle measurements in thunderstorm anvils and possible weather threat to aviation
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雷暴砧中的云粒子测量以及对航空可能的天气威胁
DOI：
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. Heymsfield
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Paul Lawson;L. J. Angus;A. Heymsfield
自1990年以来，至少有10起已知的事件，其中喷气式飞机在雷暴中心附近的铁砧区域中操纵时，一个或多个涡轮风扇发动机失去推力。非指令推力减小的确切原因，通常称为发动机回滚，仍在调查中。看来，回滚事件可能与摄入高质量浓度的冰粒，雪，并可能在砧区的过冷液态水的小浓度。雷暴砧中云粒子的特性还没有得到广泛的研究。本文讨论了中纬度和热带雷暴的飞机观测分析结果。飞机和有限的雷达观测表明，大多数与小的，花园般的雷暴相关的铁砧含有低（<0.4 g m-3）的冰粒质量浓度。在更大、更强烈的中纬度风暴中，铁砧可能含有1至3 g m-3的冰水含量。在更强烈的风暴的砧区中，最大颗粒尺寸的平均值显示出约2毫米的强模态尺寸。颗粒本身似乎是冰晶和冰晶的聚集体，即，雪花
Since 1990, there have been at least 10 known incidents where jet aircraft have experienced loss of thrust in one or more turbofan engines while maneuvering in the anvil region near the central core of a thunderstorm. The exact cause of the uncommanded thrust reduction, commonly called engine rollback, is still under investigation. It appears that the rollback incidents may be associated with ingestion of high mass concentrations of ice particles, snow, and possibly small concentrations of supercooled liquid water in the anvil region. The characteristics of cloud particles in thunderstorm anvils have not been extensively studied. Results from analysis of aircraft observations in the anvils of midlatitude and tropical thunderstorms are discussed. Aircraft and limited radar observations show that most anvils associated with small, garden-variety thunderstorms contain low ( < ∼ 0.4 g m -3 ) mass concentrations of ice particles. In larger, more intense midlatitude storms, anvils may contain ice water contents from 1 to 3 g m -3 . The mean of the maximum particle dimension in the anvil region of the more intense storms showed a strong modal size of about 2 mm. The particles themselves appear to be ice crystals and aggregates of ice crystals, i.e., snowflakes