Gliotransmitter Release from Astrocytes: Functional, Developmental, and Pathological Implications in the Brain.
Gliotransmitter Release from Astrocytes: Functional, Developmental, and Pathological Implications in the Brain.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnins.2015.00499
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Tsuboi T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harada K;Kamiya T;Tsuboi T
星形胶质细胞包括脑中的大量细胞，并且是邻近神经元、血管细胞和其他胶质细胞的重要伙伴。星形胶质细胞不仅为其他细胞形成支架，而且还在毛细血管周围延伸足突以维持血脑屏障。因此，存在于血流中的环境化学物质可能对星形胶质细胞的生理功能产生潜在的有害影响。虽然星形胶质细胞不是电兴奋的，但它们已被证明在神经回路和突触活动的发育中起积极参与者的作用。星形胶质细胞对神经递质作出反应，并通过释放称为“胶质递质”的化学递质来促进突触信息处理。最先进的光学成像技术使我们能够阐明神经递质如何引起各种胶质递质的释放，包括谷氨酸，D-丝氨酸和ATP。此外，最近的研究表明，在动物模型中，胶质传递的破坏导致神经元功能障碍和异常行为。在这篇综述中，我们专注于最新的技术方法，以澄清胶质递质胞吐的分子机制，并讨论暴露于环境化学品可能会改变胶质传递和导致神经发育障碍。
Astrocytes comprise a large population of cells in the brain and are important partners to neighboring neurons, vascular cells, and other glial cells. Astrocytes not only form a scaffold for other cells, but also extend foot processes around the capillaries to maintain the blood–brain barrier. Thus, environmental chemicals that exist in the blood stream could have potentially harmful effects on the physiological function of astrocytes. Although astrocytes are not electrically excitable, they have been shown to function as active participants in the development of neural circuits and synaptic activity. Astrocytes respond to neurotransmitters and contribute to synaptic information processing by releasing chemical transmitters called “gliotransmitters.” State-of-the-art optical imaging techniques enable us to clarify how neurotransmitters elicit the release of various gliotransmitters, including glutamate, D-serine, and ATP. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated that the disruption of gliotransmission results in neuronal dysfunction and abnormal behaviors in animal models. In this review, we focus on the latest technical approaches to clarify the molecular mechanisms of gliotransmitter exocytosis, and discuss the possibility that exposure to environmental chemicals could alter gliotransmission and cause neurodevelopmental disorders.