Apoptotic mechanisms in the immature brain: involvement of mitochondria.
Apoptotic mechanisms in the immature brain: involvement of mitochondria.
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DOI:
10.1177/0883073809338212
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发表时间:
2009-09
影响因子:
1.9
通讯作者:
Xiaoyang Wang
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hagberg H;Mallard C;Rousset CI;Xiaoyang Wang
Brain injury after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy often develops with delayed appearance, opening a therapeutic window. Clinical studies in newborns show that post-hypoxic-ischemic hypothermia improves outcome. This has generated renewed interest in the molecular mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this brief review, we propose that mitochondrial permeabilization is crucial for injury to advance beyond the point of no return. We suggest that excitatory amino acids, nitric oxide, inflammation, trophic factor withdrawal, and an increased pro- versus anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein ratio will trigger Bax-dependent mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). MOMP, in turn, elicits mitochondrial release of cytochrome C, apoptosis-inducing factor, SMAC/Diablo, and HtrA2/Omi. Cytochrome C efflux activates caspase-9/-3, leading to DNA fragmentation. Apoptosis-inducing factor interacts with cyclophilin A and induces chromatinolysis. Blockage of MOMP holds promise as a strategy for perinatal brain protection.
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