Urban access and rural productivity growth in post-Mao China
Urban access and rural productivity growth in post-Mao China
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DOI：
10.1086/452231
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发表时间：
1996-04-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Benziger, V
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Benziger, V
I. 1978年开始的中国农村经济改革实际上包括三个独立的重大改革：个人奖励直接与产出挂钩，即家庭责任制;重新鼓励专业化;大幅提高采购价格。农民突然面临着广泛的新机会。农民现在可以决定种植哪些作物，在履行国家采购合同后，可以决定如何销售剩余的作物。此外，随着改革的推进，越来越多的农民在农业之外找到了工作--在农村的工业、商业和运输业。本文的论点是，在地方一级对这些机会的反应程度取决于城市中心的邻近程度和获得基础设施的程度。农业商品进入城市市场的作用在空间发展文献中经常被引用（例如Von Thuenen）。但城乡互动包括广泛的前向和后向联系（称为扩散效应）。[1]一般来说，这些扩散效应可以预期会更强，因为城市的规模越大，距离越近。鉴于1978年之前几乎所有城乡交流都受到严格限制，中国的这种扩散效应可能仅限于大城市周边地区。然后，随着改革的推进，（从经济上讲）几乎不为农村存在的城市突然与农村进行了全方位的交换。在城市郊区的农村地区应该是大大加强的传播效果的受体，而更孤立的地区收到相对较少的刺激。因此，政策的突然转变提供了一个实验，在这个实验中，1980年代初农村生产力增长的空间变化可以与城市准入程度的变化联系起来。1996年由芝加哥大学出版。All rights reserved. 0013-0079/96/4403-0008 $01.00
I. Introduction The reform of China's rural economy that began in 1978 actually consisted of three separate major reforms: the tying of individual rewards directly to output, known as the household responsibility system; the renewed encouragement of specialization; and substantial increases in procurement prices. Peasants were suddenly faced with a wide range of new opportunities. Farmers could now decide which crops to grow and, after fulfilling state procurement contracts, could decide how to market the remainder. Moreover, as the reforms progressed, more and more peasants found work outside of agriculture-in rural industries, commerce, and transport. It is the thesis of this article that the extent of response to these opportunities at the local level was conditioned by the proximity of urban centers and the degree of access to infrastructure. The role of access to urban markets for agricultural commodities is commonly cited in the spatial development literature (eg, Von Thuenen). But urban-rural interactions include a wide range of forward and backward linkages (known as spread effects). 1 In general, these spread effects can be expected to be stronger the larger the city of origin and the nearer to it one is located. Given the extreme restrictions on virtually all urban-rural exchanges that were in place prior to 1978, it is likely that such spread effects in China were confined to areas adjoining major cities. Then as the reforms progressed, cities, which had hardly existed (economically speaking) for the countryside, suddenly were engaged in a full range of exchange with rural areas. Rural areas in urban hinterlands should have been the receptors of greatly strengthened spread effects, while more isolated areas received relatively little stimulation. Thus, the sudden turnabout in policy provides an experiment in which spatial variation in rural productivity growth during the early 1980s can be related to variations in the degree of urban access.? 1996 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0013-0079/96/4403-0008 $01.00