The hitchhiker's guide to altruism: Gene-culture coevolution, and the internalization of norms
The hitchhiker's guide to altruism: Gene-culture coevolution, and the internalization of norms
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DOI：
10.1006/jtbi.2003.3104
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发表时间：
2003-02-21
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Gintis, H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gintis, H
内部规范是一种行为模式，部分由内部制裁，如羞耻，内疚和自尊的丧失，而不是纯粹的外部制裁，如物质奖励和惩罚。内化规范的能力在人类中很普遍，尽管在一些所谓的“反社会者”中，这种能力被削弱或缺乏。假设有一个基因位点控制着规范内化的能力。这个模型表明，如果一个内部规范是健身增强，那么对于合理的社会化模式，规范内化的等位基因是进化稳定的。这个框架可以用来模拟赫伯特西蒙（1990）对利他主义的解释，表明利他主义规范可以“搭便车”的内部规范的一般趋势，以提高个人的健身。一个多层次的选择，基因文化共同进化的论点，然后解释了为什么个人健身减少内部规范可能是亲社会的，而不是社会有害的。(C)2003爱思唯尔科技有限公司版权所有。
An internal norm is a pattern of behavior enforced in part by internal sanctions, such as shame, guilt and loss of self-esteem, as opposed to purely external sanctions, such as material rewards and punishment. The ability to internalize norms is widespread among humans, although in some so-called "sociopaths", this capacity is diminished or lacking. Suppose there is one genetic locus that controls the capacity to internalize norms. This model shows that if an internal norm is fitness enhancing, then for plausible patterns of socialization, the allele for internalization of norms is evolutionarily stable. This framework can be used to model Herbert Simon's (1990) explanation of altruism, showing that altruistic norms can "hitchhike" on the general tendency of internal norms to be personally fitness-enhancing. A multi-level selection, gene-culture coevolution argument then explains why individually fitness-reducing internal norms are likely to be prosocial as opposed to socially harmful. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.