ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRITISH POULTRY-INDUSTRY - THE 1ST 100 YEARS
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRITISH POULTRY-INDUSTRY - THE 1ST 100 YEARS
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DOI：
10.1080/00071668608416912
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发表时间：
1986-12-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
HEWSON, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
HEWSON, P
1. 在19世纪90年代之前，英国的家禽饲养几乎不存在任何形式的产业。人均每年消费100个鸡蛋，从世界各国进口约1000万个鸡蛋。实用家禽俱乐部成立于1897年，不久之后，第一次产蛋试验在诺斯阿勒顿附近举行。直到1920年，在为家禽饲养者或农民提供建议或培训方面做得很少，但在那一年，在哈珀亚当斯学院成立了国家家禽养殖研究所。在1929年之前，鸡蛋营销一直是一件杂乱无章的事情，直到1929年，为了简化分销，英国制定了国家标志计划（National Mark Scheme），这样英国鸡蛋就可以与外国进口鸡蛋竞争，其中一些鸡蛋在这里销售，新鲜、干净、分级。在那之前，对于大部分家庭生产的鸡蛋来说，还不能这样说。随着遗传学在家禽育种中的实际应用，简单的产蛋试验的概念被子代试验所取代。到1986年，它们已成为国际性的而不是全国性的——这反映了育种业的国际性。自1945年以来的40年里，家禽疾病的模式发生了根本变化。集约化和受控制的环境住房的增长产生了它自己的问题，这些问题工业界已经在很大程度上学会了控制。战前的餐桌家禽业主要以一种优质产品为基础，这种优质产品是专门从轻苏塞克斯、多金和法维罗勒等禽类中培育出来的，而在低端市场，则使用了商业蛋鸡贸易中多余的公鸡。1954年左右，随着饲料定量配给的结束，肉鸡产业诞生了。这些插图描绘了大规模住房的发展，以及一些早期的鸟笼单元，直到20世纪50年代初，一直是单鸟笼。简要介绍了火鸡产业的历史和发展；这是为了证明它与肉鸡行业的平行发展，但值得自己写一篇论文。
1. Poultry keeping in the UK hardly existed as an industry of any sort prior to the 1890s. Annual consumption per capita was 100 eggs and around 1000 M eggs were imported from countries all over the world.2. The Utility Poultry Club was formed in 1897 and shortly afterwards the first laying trial was held near Northallerton.3. Until 1920 little was done in the way of giving advice or training to poultry keepers or farmers, but in that year the National Institute of Poultry Husbandry was set up at Harper Adams College.4. Egg marketing was a haphazard affair until in 1929 a National Mark Scheme was devised in an attempt to streamline distribution, so that UK eggs could compete with foreign imports, some of which were marketed here fresh, clean and graded. This could not be said for the bulk of home produced eggs until that time.5. With the practical application of the science of genetics to poultry breeding the concept of the simple laying trial gave way to progeny test trials. By 1986 these have become international rather than national—a reflection of the international nature of the breeding industry.6. The pattern of poultry diseases has changed radically in the 40 years since 1945. The growth of intensive and controlled environment housing produced its own problems, which the industry has largely learned to control.7. The pre‐war table poultry industry was largely based on a premium product specially bred from such birds as Light Sussex, Dorkings and Faverolles and, at the lower end of the market, surplus cockerels from the commercial layer trade were used. The broiler industry was born around 1954 with the end of feedings tuff rationing.8. The illustrations trace the development of extensive housing and also some early cage units which, until the early 1950s, were always single bird cages.9. A brief paragraph is included on the history and development of the turkey industry; it is included to demonstrate its parallel development with the broiler industry, but would merit a paper of its own.