The history and current status of glyphosate
The history and current status of glyphosate
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DOI：
10.1002/ps.4652
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发表时间：
2018-05-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Duke, Stephen O.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duke, Stephen O.
草甘膦是唯一以5-烯醇式丙酮酸-3-莽草酸磷酸合成酶(EPSPS)为靶标的除草剂。它是一种使用率高、非选择性的除草剂，主要转移到新陈代谢汇，杀死远离应用地点的分生组织。它的韧皮部流动特性和缓慢的除草作用允许除草剂在植物中移动以杀死所有的分生组织，使其对多年生杂草的控制有效。自1974年商业化以来，它的使用已经占据了除草剂市场的主导地位。它的大部分用途是在转基因、抗草甘膦作物(GRC)上使用，这些作物一直是世界上占主导地位的转基因作物。使用草甘膦的GRC在十年或更长的时间里提供了历史上最有效和最便宜的杂草管理技术。然而，由于抗草甘膦(GR)杂草的迅速增加，在GRC中使用草甘膦的有效性正在下降。批评人士声称，由于草甘膦能够螯合二价金属离子，草甘膦处理的GRC改变了矿物质营养，增加了对植物病原体的敏感性，但GRC对草甘膦的完全抗性表明，螯合金属阳离子并不有助于除草活性，也不会显著影响矿物营养。在高采用率后，美国玉米、大豆和棉花的增产速度保持不变。草甘膦对一些植物病原体是有毒的，因此在GRC中可以作为杀菌剂。超低剂量的草甘膦通过未知的机制刺激草甘膦敏感植物的生长。尽管GR杂草迅速而广泛地增加，但草甘膦的使用并没有减少。然而，随着GR杂草的增加，采用替代技术最终将导致使用量的减少。2017年出版。这篇文章是美国政府的工作，属于美国的公共领域。
Glyphosate is the only herbicide to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS). It is a high use rate, non-selective herbicide that translocates primarily to metabolic sinks, killing meristematic tissues away from the application site. Its phloem-mobile properties and slow action in killing weeds allow the herbicide to move throughout the plant to kill all meristems, making it effective for perennial weed control. Since commercialization in 1974, its use has grown to dominate the herbicide market. Much of its use is on transgenic, glyphosate-resistant crops (GRCs), which have been the dominant transgenic crops worldwide. GRCs with glyphosate provided the most effective and inexpensive weed management technology in history for a decade or more. However, as a consequence of the rapid increase in glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds, the effectiveness of glyphosate use in GRCs is declining. Critics have claimed that glyphosate-treated GRCs have altered mineral nutrition and increased susceptibility to plant pathogens because of glyphosate's ability to chelate divalent metal cations, but the complete resistance of GRCs to glyphosate indicates that chelating metal cations do not contribute to the herbicidal activity or significantly affect mineral nutrition. The rates of increases in yields of maize, soybean, and cotton in the USA have been unchanged after high adoption rates of GRCs. Glyphosate is toxic to some plant pathogens, and thereby can act as a fungicide in GRCs. Ultra-low doses of glyphosate stimulate plant growth in glyphosate-susceptible plants by unknown mechanisms. Despite rapid and widespread increases in GR weeds, glyphosate use has not decreased. However, as GR weeds increase, adoption of alternative technologies will eventually lead to decreased use. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.