Extending Citizenship to Emigrants: Democratic Contestation and a New Global Norm
Extending Citizenship to Emigrants: Democratic Contestation and a New Global Norm
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将公民身份扩大到移民：民主竞争和新的全球规范
DOI：
10.1177/0192512110374044
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发表时间：
2010
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
A. Harutyunyan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sybil Rhodes;A. Harutyunyan
我们认为，越来越多的关于移民政策的文献应该与关于扩大正式公民身份的更广泛的理论讨论联系起来。国家对移民申请成员资格和投票权的反应类似于将公民身份扩展到其他以前被排除在外的群体，例如没有财产的群体、少数族裔和妇女，因为移民公民身份是由于竞争制度和国际规范而发展起来的。我们评估了全球规范假说(新的国际规范标准的出现导致移民包容性增加的观点)和争辩假说(认为更高水平的政权竞争使国家更有可能将公民身份授予移民)。后者有两个相关的预期：“机会窗次假说”和“民主耐力次假说”，前者认为政权过渡为移民公民权的实施提供了一个特别有利的环境，后者则认为竞争性制度可能会随着时间的推移逐步扩展移民公民权。我们使用统计分析和亚美尼亚、墨西哥、西班牙和美国的案例研究相结合的方法来评估这些因果假设，以及在外籍人士政策文献中发现的一些看似合理的替代方案。
We argue that the growing literature on emigrant policies should be linked to more general theoretical discussions of the expansion of formal citizenship. State responses to emigrants’ claims for membership and voting rights resemble patterns of citizenship extension to other previously excluded groups, such as those without property, racial minorities, and women, insofar as emigrant citizenship has developed as a consequence of competitive regimes and international norms. We assess the ‘global-norm hypothesis’ (the idea that increasing emigrant inclusion has resulted from the emergence of a new international normative standard) and the ‘contestation hypothesis’ (the argument that higher levels of regime competition make states more likely to extend citizenship to emigrants). The latter has two associated expectations: the ‘window-of-opportunity sub-hypothesis’, which holds that regime transitions provide an especially propitious context for implementing emigrant citizenship, and the ‘democratic-endurance sub-hypothesis’, which posits that competitive regimes are likely to extend emigrant citizenship in a gradual process over time. We use a combination of statistical analysis and case studies of Armenia, Mexico, Spain, and the USA to evaluate these causal hypotheses as well as some plausible alternatives found in the literature on expatriate policies.