Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking
Food reward: Brain substrates of wanting and liking
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DOI：
10.1016/0149-7634(95)00033-b
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发表时间：
1996-03-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Berridge, KC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Berridge, KC
食物奖励的神经基础是什么？奖励和快乐是一样的吗？动物的味觉快感可以评估吗？奖励一定是有意识的吗？近年来，这些问题再次出现，现在有足够的证据促使人们重新审视许多关于奖励及其与大脑系统关系的先入之见。本文综述了有关食物奖赏的心理结构和调节食物奖赏的神经系统的证据，特别注意了最近关于食物情感反应的“味觉反应”研究的证据。我认为，这一证据表明以下令人惊讶的可能性有关的功能组件和大脑基板的食物奖励。(1)奖励包含可区分的心理或功能成分-“喜欢”（快乐/可口）和“想要”（食欲/激励动机）。这些可以单独操作和测量。(2)喜欢和想要有着不同的神经基质。与食物奖励相关的喜好的调节涉及神经递质系统，如阿片类和GABA/苯二氮卓类系统，以及解剖结构，如腹侧苍白球和脑干初级味觉中继。与食物奖赏有关的欲望的调节涉及中脑多巴胺系统，以及丘脑核和杏仁核的分裂。喜欢和想要都来自广泛分布的神经系统，但这两个系统是可分离的。(3)食物奖励的神经处理并不局限于边缘前脑。食物奖赏的各个方面开始在脑干中进行处理。神经操纵可以增强奖赏或产生厌恶，但没有一个单一的损伤或横断可能消除食物奖赏的所有特性。(4)想要和喜欢都可以在没有主观意识的情况下存在。有意识的体验会扭曲或模糊潜在的奖励过程，主观报告可能包含对潜在过程的错误评估，甚至根本没有记录重要的奖励过程。构成奖励的喜欢和想要的核心过程不同于主观报告或有意识地意识到这些过程。
What are the neural substrates of food reward? Are reward and pleasure identical? Can taste pleasure be assessed in animals? Is reward necessarily conscious? These questions have re-emerged in recent years, and there is now sufficient evidence to prompt re-examination of many preconceptions concerning reward and its relation to brain systems. This paper reviews evidence from many sources regarding both the psychological structure of food reward and the neural systems that mediate it. Special attention is paid to recent evidence from ''taste reactivity'' studies of affective reactions to food. I argue that this evidence suggests the following surprising possibilities regarding the functional components and brain substrates of food reward. (1) Reward contains distinguishable psychological or functional components-''liking'' (pleasure/palatability) and ''wanting'' (appetite/incentive motivation). These can be manipulated and measured separately. (2) Liking and wanting have separable neural substrates. Mediation of liking related to food reward involves neurotransmitter systems such as opioid and GABA/benzodiazepine systems, and anatomical structures such as ventral pallidum and brainstem primary gustatory relays. Mediation of wanting related to food reward involves mesotelencephalic dopamine systems, and divisions of nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Both liking and wanting arise from vastly distributed neural systems, but the two systems are separable. (3) Neural processing of food reward is not confined to the limbic forebrain. Aspects of food reward begin to be processed in the brainstem. A neural manipulation can enhance reward or produce aversion but no single lesion or transection is likely abolish all properties of food reward. (4) Both wanting and liking can exist without subjective awareness. Conscious experience can distort or blur the underlying reward processes that gave rise to it. Subjective reports may contain false assessments of underlying processes, or even fail at all to register important reward processes. The core processes of liking and wanting that constitute reward are distinct from the subjective report or conscious awareness of those processes.