Conceptual Distinctiveness Supports Detailed Visual Long-term Memory for Real-world Objects the Fidelity of Long-term Memory for Visual Information
Conceptual Distinctiveness Supports Detailed Visual Long-term Memory for Real-world Objects the Fidelity of Long-term Memory for Visual Information
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通讯作者：
Talia Konkle;Timothy F. Brady;G. Alvarez;A. Oliva
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作者：
Talia Konkle;Timothy F. Brady;G. Alvarez;A. Oliva
人类在视觉长期记忆中储存详细信息的能力很大。本研究探讨了这些视觉长期记忆表征的保真度，并考察了物体类别的概念和知觉特征如何支持这种能力。观察者观看了2800个物体图像，每个类别中有不同数量的样本。在测试中，观察者指出他们之前学习过的两个例子中的哪一个。内存性能很高，并且保持相当高（82%的准确率），内存中有来自一个类别的16个样例，这表明对象样例的内存容量很大。然而，随着更多的范例计划被保存在记忆中，记忆性能下降，这意味着系统的分类干扰。具有概念上不同样例的对象类别随着样例数量的增加对记忆的干扰减小。尽管这些知觉测量预测了样本中目标对象的视觉搜索率，但对记忆的干扰并不能通过样本对对象类别的感知独特性来预测。这些数据提供了证据，证明观察者在长期记忆中记住视觉信息的能力更多地取决于概念结构而不是感知独特性。人类的大脑可以储存大量的物体、事件、文字和图片，通常只需要一次曝光。在一项具有里程碑意义的视觉长期记忆研究中，斯坦丁（1973）向人们展示了1万幅图像，发现在识别记忆任务中的记忆表现相当高（83%）。这些结果证明了视觉信息长期存储的巨大容量的存在。然而，这些开创性的研究没有探索一些基本问题：视觉表征有多详细？成千上万的记忆表示是如何组织和存储的，以便它们可以在稍后的时间点成功地检索？在目前的工作中，我们开始通过检查概念和感知独特性对视觉对象长期记忆的贡献来解决这些问题。要估计任何存储系统的容量，不仅要评估可以记住多少个项目（数量），还要评估每个项目可以记住多少（保真度）。Standing（1973）等人的研究清楚地表明，观察者在一次曝光后就能成功地记住数千张照片。然而，在这些大规模记忆实验中，图像的表征在细节上被认为是稀疏的：因为所有的图像都被选择为视觉上和类别上不同的，观察者可以通过使用类似清单的表征来成功完成两种选择的强迫选择记忆任务——例如，一个捕获……
Humans have a massive capacity to store detailed information in visual long-term memory. The present studies explored the fidelity of these visual long-term memory representations and examined how conceptual and perceptual features of object categories support this capacity. Observers viewed 2,800 object images with a different number of exemplars presented from each category. At test, observers indicated which of 2 exemplars they had previously studied. Memory performance was high and remained quite high (82% accuracy) with 16 exemplars from a category in memory, demonstrating a large memory capacity for object exemplars. However, memory performance decreased as more exem-plars were held in memory, implying systematic categorical interference. Object categories with conceptually distinctive exemplars showed less interference in memory as the number of exemplars increased. Interference in memory was not predicted by the perceptual distinctiveness of exemplars from an object category, though these perceptual measures predicted visual search rates for an object target among exemplars. These data provide evidence that observers' capacity to remember visual information in long-term memory depends more on conceptual structure than perceptual distinctiveness. The human brain can store a large number of objects, events, words, and pictures, often after only a single exposure. In a landmark study of visual long-term memory, Standing (1973) showed people 10,000 images and found memory performance in a recognition memory task was quite high (83%). these results demonstrated the existence of a massive capacity long-term store for visual information. However, fundamental questions were left unexplored by these seminal studies: How detailed are the visual representations? How are thousands of memory representations organized and stored so that they can be successfully retrieved at a later point in time? In the current work we begin to address these questions by examining the contributions of conceptual and perceptual distinctiveness to long-term memory for visual objects. To estimate the capacity of any storage system, one must evaluate not only how many items can be remembered (quantity) but also how much is remembered per item (fidelity). The work of Standing (1973) and others made it clear that observers can successfully remember thousands of pictures after only a single exposure. However, the representations of the images in these large-scale memory experiments were assumed to be sparse in detail: Because all the images were chosen to be visually and categorically distinct, observers could succeed at the two-alternative forced-choice memory task by using a gist-like representation— for example, one that captured …