Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (NEW RANK), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae)
Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (NEW RANK), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae)
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.021
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发表时间：
2010-06-01
影响因子：
4.1
通讯作者：
Griswold, Charles E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Miller, Jeremy A.;Carmichael, Anthea;Griswold, Charles E.
Penestomine蜘蛛最初只被描述为雌性，并被置于Eresidae科。几十年后，雄性的发现带来了惊喜，特别是在雄性肢的形态学上，它的特征（除其他外）是胫骨后外侧突突（RTA）。RTA的存在对一个大的蜘蛛分支来说是突触性的。构建了基于4个基因座的分子数据矩阵，验证了两种可能的假设：(1)penestomines是eresids并且RTA是收敛的；(2)penestomines属于RTA分支。分类群取样主要集中在蛇总科和RTA进化支，特别是在酒总科和石总科之外。小枕骨的进化，通常被描述为一个原始的异形旋转器官多次丢失，被探索。简约优化表明了cribellum的重复出现。在似然框架和简约下使用Sankoff矩阵对非对称损失率和损失率的探索表明，当损失的可能性是收益的两倍时，支持cribellum同源性。我们建议，当复杂的字符出现（在简约优化下）演变多次时，研究人员应该考虑具有相对高损失率的替代重建。其他形态特征的进化也进行了研究。结果表明，一些rta进化支系的范围得到了修正，包括苍鹭科、麻蠓科、棘蠓科、棘蠓科和哈尼蠓科。这里正式提出了一些命名上的变化；其他的还有待进一步调查。Penestomidae家族（NEW RANK）成立。Tamgrinia，而不是Neoramia，是棘足动物Agelenidae的姐妹分支。Tamgrinia和Coelotinae亚科从Amaurobiidae科转移到Agelenidae科。Zanomys和它的亲戚并不是鞘翅目，而是属于一个暂定为Macrobuninae的分支。(C) 2010爱思唯尔公司版权所有。
Penestomine spiders were first described from females only and placed in the family Eresidae. Discovery of the male decades later brought surprises, especially in the morphology of the male pedipalp, which features (among other things) a retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA). The presence of an RTA is synapomorphic for a large clade of spiders exclusive of Eresidae. A molecular data matrix based on four loci was constructed to test two alternative hypotheses: (1) penestomines are eresids and the RTA is convergent, or (2) penestomines belong within the RTA clade. Taxon sampling concentrated on the Eresidae and the RTA clade, especially outside of the Dionycha and Lycosoidea. Evolution of the cribellum, conventionally characterized as a primitive araneomorph spinning organ lost multiple times, is explored. Parsimony optimization indicates repeated appearances of the cribellum. Exploration of asymmetric rates of loss and gain in both a likelihood framework and using a Sankoff matrix under parsimony reveals that cribellum homology is supported when losses are two times more likely than gains. We suggest that when complicated characters appear (under parsimony optimization) to evolve multiple times, investigators should consider alternative reconstructions featuring a relatively high rate of loss. Evolution of other morphological characters is also investigated. The results imply revised circumscription of some RTA-clade families, including Agelenidae, Amaurobiidae, Cybaeidae, Dictynidae and Hahniidae. Some nomenclatural changes are formally proposed here; others await further investigation. The family Penestomidae (NEW RANK) is established. Tamgrinia, not Neoramia, is the cribellate sister clade of the ecribellate Agelenidae. Tamgrinia and the subfamily Coelotinae are transferred from the family Amaurobiidae to the family Agelenidae. Zanomys and its relatives are not coelotines but belong to a clade tentatively identified as Macrobuninae. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.