Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy.
Form and function: how estrogen and progesterone regulate the mammary epithelial hierarchy.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10911-015-9337-0
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发表时间：
2015-06
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Kuperwasser C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arendt LM;Kuperwasser C
乳腺从青春期开始经历巨大的产后生长，然后在怀孕和哺乳期间完全发育。哺乳后，肺泡发生凋亡，乳腺逆转为类似于未分娩的腺体。这种生长和退化的过程发生在多胎妊娠中，表明存在能够再生乳腺上皮细胞特化群体的干细胞和祖细胞的层次结构。乳腺中上皮细胞群的扩增受卵巢类固醇调节，特别是通过其受体雌激素受体α（ERα）起作用的雌激素和通过孕酮受体（PR）起作用的孕酮信号传导。基于细胞表面标志物的表达和功能测定，已经鉴定了不同数量的干细胞和祖细胞。在这里，我们回顾了目前的理解，雌激素和孕激素如何共同作用，并分别调节干细胞和祖细胞在人类和小鼠乳腺组织。更好地了解乳腺上皮细胞群的层次组织以及激素环境如何影响其调节，可能会为乳腺癌不同亚型的起源提供重要的见解。
The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation, the alveoli undergo apoptosis, and the mammary gland reverses back to resemble the nonparous gland. This process of growth and regression occurs for multiple pregnancies, suggesting the presence of a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells that are able to regenerate specialized populations of mammary epithelial cells. Expansion of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland is regulated by ovarian steroids, in particular estrogen acting through its receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone signaling through progesterone receptor (PR). A diverse number of stem and progenitor cells have been identified based on expression of cell surface markers and functional assays. Here we review the current understanding of how estrogen and progesterone act together and separately to regulate stem and progenitor cells within the human and mouse mammary tissues. Better understanding of the hierarchal organization of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland and how the hormonal milieu affects its regulation may provide important insights into the origins of different subtypes of breast cancer.