Canine distemper virus: an emerging disease in wild endangered Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica).
Canine distemper virus: an emerging disease in wild endangered Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica).
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DOI：
10.1128/mbio.00410-13
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发表时间：
2013-08-13
期刊：
影响因子：
6.4
通讯作者：
McAloose D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Seimon TA;Miquelle DG;Chang TY;Newton AL;Korotkova I;Ivanchuk G;Lyubchenko E;Tupikov A;Slabe E;McAloose D
野生东北虎(Panthera Tigris Altaica)数量不足500只。由于数量少，以及它们孤独和与世隔绝的性质，在俄罗斯远东和中国的活动范围内很少看到老虎；更罕见的是看到生病的老虎。自2001年以来，在几只野生老虎身上发现了严重的神经系统疾病，这表明这种濒危物种出现了疾病。为了探讨这种可能性，对2001年、2004年或2010年死亡或被销毁的5只感染老虎的组织进行了组织学、免疫组织化学(IHC)、原位杂交(ISH)和逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)。我们的结果揭示了犬瘟热病毒(CDV)感染是两只老虎神经系统疾病的原因，并明确确定了第三只老虎的感染。非化脓性脑炎伴脱髓鞘，嗜酸性核病毒包涵体，免疫组织化学和ISH对CDV的免疫标记阳性出现在两只有可用脑组织的老虎身上。通过RT-PCR从这两只老虎的脑组织中获得CDV磷蛋白(P)和血凝素(H)基因产物，在第三只老虎的淋巴组织中检测到CDV P基因的一小段序列。在系统发育上，东北虎CDV群与贝加尔海豹(Phoca Siberica)中的一种类似北极的毒株。我们的结果，包括绘制阳性老虎的位置图和识别2010年的一组病例，加上2000年之前在东北虎中缺乏CDV抗体的报告，表明CDV在老虎范围内的广泛地理分布，以及最近出现的CDV对俄罗斯远东濒危东北虎的重大传染病威胁。认识到野生动物出现疾病的情况很少见。在这里，我们首次鉴定和描述了犬瘟热病毒(CDV)，它是导致家犬传染病死亡的第二大常见原因，也是一种在常见和濒危食肉动物中具有全球重要性的病毒性疾病，是野生、濒危东北虎神经系统疾病和致死性脑炎的病原学。我们确定，在2010年，CDV直接或间接杀死了约1%的东北虎。阳性病例分布在广阔的地理区域，这表明CDV在老虎范围内广泛分布。随着人类种群的增长和向野生动物栖息地的扩张，物种间的相互作用正在增加。确定CDV的动物宿主和可在野生物种之间传播的CDV毒株，包括东北虎和同域极度濒危的东北豹，对于指导保护和缓解工作至关重要。
Fewer than 500 Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) remain in the wild. Due to low numbers and their solitary and reclusive nature, tiger sightings across their range in the Russian Far East and China are rare; sightings of sick tigers are rarer still. Serious neurologic disease observed in several wild tigers since 2001 suggested disease emergence in this endangered species. To investigate this possibility, histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization (ISH), and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) were performed on tissues from 5 affected tigers that died or were destroyed in 2001, 2004, or 2010. Our results reveal canine distemper virus (CDV) infection as the cause of neurologic disease in two tigers and definitively establish infection in a third. Nonsuppurative encephalitis with demyelination, eosinophilic nuclear viral inclusions, and positive immunolabeling for CDV by IHC and ISH were present in the two tigers with available brain tissue. CDV phosphoprotein (P) and hemagglutinin (H) gene products were obtained from brains of these two tigers by RT-PCR, and a short fragment of CDV P gene sequence was detected in lymph node tissue of a third tiger. Phylogenetically, Amur tiger CDV groups with an Arctic-like strain in Baikal seals (Phoca siberica). Our results, which include mapping the location of positive tigers and recognition of a cluster of cases in 2010, coupled with a lack of reported CDV antibodies in Amur tigers prior to 2000 suggest wide geographic distribution of CDV across the tiger range and recent emergence of CDV as a significant infectious disease threat to endangered Amur tigers in the Russian Far East. Recognition of disease emergence in wildlife is a rare occurrence. Here, for the first time, we identify and characterize a canine distemper virus (CDV), the second most common cause of infectious disease death in domestic dogs and a viral disease of global importance in common and endangered carnivores, as the etiology of neurologic disease and fatal encephalitis in wild, endangered Amur tigers. We establish that in 2010 CDV directly or indirectly killed ~1% of Amur tigers. Location of positive cases over an expansive geographic area suggests that CDV is widely distributed across the tiger range. Interspecies interactions are increasing as human populations grow and expand into wildlife habitats. Identifying animal reservoirs for CDV and identifying the CDV strains that are transmissible to and among wildlife species, including Amur tigers and sympatric critically endangered Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis), is essential for guiding conservation and mitigation efforts.