THE GLOBAL DESIGN OF THE HINDLIMB IN QUADRUPEDS
THE GLOBAL DESIGN OF THE HINDLIMB IN QUADRUPEDS
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DOI：
10.1159/000147429
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发表时间：
1993-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
BOBBERT, MF
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
SCHENAU, GJV;BOBBERT, MF
在四足动物的后肢中，可以区分出三个主要节段，它们可以在髋关节、膝关节和踝关节中相对于彼此旋转。在矢状面的运动似乎是由三组拮抗性单关节肌群（每个关节一组）和两组拮抗性双关节肌控制。该设计允许单关节激动剂和其双关节拮抗剂的共激活。这些共同收缩例如发生在诸如跳跃的弹道任务中，其中关节中的角加速度到髋关节的平移加速度的传递作为关节伸展的函数而减小。训练有素的人似乎解决了这个问题的一个独特的proximodistal序列的时间的关节延伸和运输的能量通过双关节肌肉。这也可以在许多动物身上观察到。第二个例子是关于节点中净力矩的一定分布的必要性，这是控制地面上外力的方向和大小所必需的。这些力矩的控制在很大程度上可以被判断为一种要求，这种要求与同一任务中所需的关节位移无关。许多步行、跑步或拉车的任务。例如需要膝盖伸展与净膝盖弯曲力矩相结合。单关节激动剂和它们的双关节拮抗剂的共激活似乎以有效和高效的方式解决这些问题。
In the hindlimb of quadrupeds three major segments can be distinguished which can rotate with respect to each other in the hip, knee and ankle joints. Movements in a sagittal plane appear to be controlled by three sets of antagonistic mono-articular muscle groups (one set per joint) and two sets of antagonistic biarticular muscles. This design allows co-activations of mono-articular agonists and their bi-articular antagonists. These co-contractions occur for example in ballistic tasks such as jumping where the transfer of angular acceleration in the joints into the translational acceleration of the hip decreases as a function of joint extension. Well-trained humans appear to solve this problem by a distinct proximodistal sequence in the timing of the joint extensions and a transport of energy via bi-articular muscles. This can also be observed in a number of animals. A second example has to do with the necessity for a certain distribution of net moments in the joints which is required to control the direction and magnitude of the external force on the ground. The control of these moments can to a large extent be judged as a requirement which is independent of the joint displacements required in the same task. Many walking running or pulling tasks. for example, require knee extension combined with a net knee flexing moment. Coactivation of mono-articular agonists and their bi-articular antagonists appear to solve these problems in an effective and efficient way.