Diurnality, Nocturnality, and the Evolution of Primate Visual Systems
Diurnality, Nocturnality, and the Evolution of Primate Visual Systems
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DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.20957
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rasmussen, D. T.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ankel-Simons, F.;Rasmussen, D. T.
最近许多关于灵长类视觉系统进化的研究都假设在灵长类进化过程中，昼夜活动模式发生了最小数量的变化。一些研究人员将关键的高级分类群的进化起源解释为罕见的从双周期性到二周期性的转变的结果（例如，Anthropoidea）或从昼夜性到昼夜性（例如，Tarsiidae）。解释进化的灵长类动物视觉系统的生态学方法，没有简约的限制表明，进化的过渡活动模式比简约模型所允许的更常见，这样的过渡可能是不太重要的更高层次的类群的起源。对分布在世界各地的17个灵长类动物群落的分析表明，灵长类动物群落始终包含夜间和白天的形式，无论群落的分类来源如何。这表明，群落中的灵长类动物会调整其昼夜节律模式，以填补白天或夜间的空白。在狭窄的分类群中，从一种模式到另一种模式的几种进化转变有可靠的记录，这些情况可能代表了整个新生代这种转变的一小部分。在阔鼻猴、马达加斯加原猴、始新世omomomyids、始新世adapoids和早期非洲猴中，有一个或多个开关被记录下来，在眼镜猴中有不确定但有暗示性的数据。将现存和灭绝的灵长类动物解释为属于两个昼夜节律类别之一，这本身就有问题，因为许多现存的灵长类动物在昼夜节律中都表现出显著的行为活动。吝啬模型通常解释祖先灵长类动物是夜间活动的，但形态和遗传数据的分析表明，它们可能是白天活动的，或者早期灵长类动物的辐射可能产生了夜间和白天的形式，特别是考虑到生活在今天的纬度热带以外的早期第三纪灵长类动物所面临的不寻常的年度光照制度。我们回顾了灵长类动物视觉系统的基本形态和生理学，以寻找可能限制进化开关的特征，我们发现灵长类动物组内和组间眼睛大小，角膜大小，视网膜形态和视蛋白分布的变化模式都与视觉系统具有相当大的进化灵活性的想法一致。这些结果表明，灵长类谱系可能会从白天到夜间，反之亦然，更容易和更迅速地比已经建议使用严格的简约模型。这对解释化石记录和重建灵长类进化中的关键进化事件具有重要意义。Yrbk Phys Anthropol 51：100-117，2008. (C)2008 Wiley-Liss，Inc.
Much of the recent research on the evolution of primate visual systems has assumed that a minimum number of shifts have occurred in circadian activity patterns over the course of primate evolution. The evolutionary origins of key higher taxonomic groups have been interpreted by some researchers as a consequence of a rare shift from nocturnality to diurnality (e.g., Anthropoidea) or from diurnality to nocturnality (e.g., Tarsiidae). Interpreting the evolution of primate visual systems with an ecological approach without parsimony constraints suggests that the evolutionary transitions in activity pattern are more common than what would be allowed by parsimony models, and that such transitions are probably less important in the origin of higher level taxa. The analysis of 17 communities of primates distributed widely around the world and through geological time shows that primate communities consistently contain both nocturnal and diurnal forms, regardless of the taxonomic sources of the communities. This suggests that primates in a community will adapt their circadian pattern to fill empty diurnal or nocturnal niches. Several evolutionary transitions from one pattern to the other within narrow taxonomic groups are solidly documented, and these cases probably represent a small fraction of such transitions throughout the Cenozoic. One or more switches have been documented among platyrrhine monkeys, Malagasy prosimians, Eocene omomyids, Eocene adapoids, and early African anthropoids, with inconclusive but suggestive data within tarsiids. The interpretation of living and extinct primates as fitting into one of two diarhythmic categories is itself problematic, because many extant primates show significant behavioral activity both nocturnally and diurnally. Parsimony models routinely interpret ancestral primates to have been nocturnal, but analyses of morphological and genetic data indicate that they may have been diurnal, or that early primate radiations were likely to have generated both nocturnal and diurnal forms, especially given the unusual annual light regimes faced by Early Tertiary primates living outside today's latitudinal tropics. We review the essential morphology and physiology of the primate visual system to look for features that might constrain evolutionary switches, and we find that the pattern of variation within and among primate groups in eye size, corneal size, retinal morphology, and opsin distribution are all consistent with the idea that there is considerable evolutionary flexibility in the visual system. These results suggest that primate lineages may evolve from diurnal to nocturnal, and vice versa, more readily and more rapidly than has been suggested by the use of strict parsimony models. This has implications for interpreting the fossil record and reconstructing key evolutionary events in primate evolution. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 51:100-117, 2008. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.