Nutrient effects upon embryogenesis: folate, vitamin A and iodine.
Nutrient effects upon embryogenesis: folate, vitamin A and iodine.
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对胚胎发生影响的营养物质：叶酸、维生素 A 和碘。
DOI：
10.1159/000082592
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Finnell,Richard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rosenquist,ThomasH;vanWaes,JaneeGelineau;Shaw,GaryM;Finnell,Richard
人类的“胚胎发生”时期是本章的基础，一般包括人类发育的最初8周，从受精到器官形成。在这一时期，营养素对胚胎正常发育的影响的知识，通常是通过观察特定营养素输送的某些扰动所产生的影响而获得的;因此，本章将重点讨论叶酸、维生素A和碘的“扰动”输送的结果。虽然发育缺陷可能发生在妊娠期间的任何时候，但只有胚胎发生期间发生的扰动才能产生从神经管和神经嵴发育的器官的主要解剖畸形。神经管和神经嵴的缺陷是最常见的，在死亡率和发病率、死胎和自然流产方面是最具破坏性的。这些包括神经管闭合缺陷，如脊柱裂、口面缺陷和圆锥动脉干心脏缺陷[1-3]。根据这些数据，可以认为，在胚胎发生过程中最重要的营养作用是那些影响神经管和神经嵴的发育;因此，这些影响将成为本章的主要主题。神经管和神经嵴的细胞在胚胎发生过程中本质上是相同的[4]，因此，神经管发育所必需的营养素也是神经嵴发育所必需的。叶酸和维生素A都证明了这种关系：在胚胎发育过程中缺乏叶酸和维生素A，
The period of human ‘embryogenesis’, the foundation of this chapter, is generally taken to include the initial 8-week period of human development, from fertilization through organogenesis. Knowledge of the effects of nutrients upon the normal development of the embryo during this period typically has been acquired by observation of the effects that accompany some perturbation of the delivery of a given nutrient; therefore this chapter will focus upon the results of ‘perturbed’delivery of folic acid, vitamin A, and iodine. While a developmental defect may occur at virtually any time during gestation, only perturbations that occur during embryogenesis can produce major anatomical malformations of organs that develop from the neural tube and the neural crest. Defects of the neural tube and neural crest are the most common and the most devastating in terms of mortality and morbidity, stillbirths, and spontaneous abortions. These include neural tube closure defects such as spina bifida, orofacial defects, and conotruncal heart defects [1–3]. Based upon these data, it may be argued that the most important nutrient effects during embryogenesis are those that impact upon the development of the neural tube and the neural crest; therefore, these effects will be the principal topic of this chapter.Cells of the neural tube and neural crest essentially are identical during embryogenesis [4], therefore a nutrient that is essential for neural tube development is essential for neural crest development as well. This relationship is demonstrated by both folic acid and vitamin A: a deficiency of either during embryogenesis is related to an increase in the occurrence of