Changes in Transportation-Related Air Pollution Exposures by Race-Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status: Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide in the United States in 2000 and 2010
Changes in Transportation-Related Air Pollution Exposures by Race-Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status: Outdoor Nitrogen Dioxide in the United States in 2000 and 2010
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp959
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Marshall, Julian D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Clark, Lara P.;Millet, Dylan B.;Marshall, Julian D.
背景：美国已记录了不同种族和社会经济地位的空气污染暴露差异，但尚未详细研究与交通相关的空气污染物排放量下降对暴露差异的影响。目的：本研究旨在估计美国与交通相关的空气污染物二氧化氮（NO2）的室外浓度差异随时间（2000年至2010年）的变化。方法：我们合并了年平均值根据人口普查人口数据的时间土地利用回归模型估算出的二氧化氮浓度，按种族、社会经济特征（收入、年龄、教育）和地点（地区、州、县、城市地区）估算 2000 年和 2010 年美国本土的户外暴露量。结果：从 2000 年到 2010 年，所有种族和社会经济地位群体的二氧化氮年平均浓度估计有所下降，其中包括非白人[非（纯白人、非西班牙裔）]人群中为 17.6 ppb 至 10.7 ppb (-6.9 ppb)，白人（纯白人、非西班牙裔）人群中为 12.6 ppb 至 7.8 ppb (-4.7 ppb)。 2000 年和 2010 年，不同种族的二氧化氮浓度差异大于不同收入的差异。尽管全国非白种人的平均二氧化氮浓度差异从 2000 年的 5.0 ppb 下降到 2010 年的 2.9 ppb，但估计 2010 年非白种人的平均二氧化氮浓度仍然比白人高出 37%（2000 年高出 40%），非白种人生活在平均二氧化氮浓度高于世界卫生组织年度指导值的街区的可能性是白人的 2.5 倍。 2010 年（2000 年可能性增加 3.0 倍）。 结论：研究结果表明，2000 年至 2010 年，不同种族的绝对二氧化氮暴露量存在差异，但相对二氧化氮暴露量差异仍然存在，2010 年非白人的二氧化氮浓度高于白人。
BACKGROUND: Disparities in exposure to air pollution by race-ethnicity and by socioeconomic status have been documented in the United States, but the impacts of declining transportation-related air pollutant emissions on disparities in exposure have not been studied in detail.OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to estimate changes over time (2000 to 2010) in disparities in exposure to outdoor concentrations of a transportation-related air pollutant, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), in the United States.METHODS: We combined annual average NO2 concentration estimates from a temporal land use regression model with Census demographic data to estimate outdoor exposures by race-ethnicity, socioeconomic characteristics (income, age, education), and by location (region, state, county, urban area) for the contiguous United States in 2000 and 2010.RESULTS: Estimated annual average NO2 concentrations decreased from 2000 to 2010 for all of the race-ethnicity and socioeconomic status groups, including a decrease from 17.6 ppb to 10.7 ppb (-6.9 ppb) in nonwhite [non-(white alone, non-Hispanic)] populations, and 12.6 ppb to 7.8 ppb (-4.7 ppb) in white (white alone, non-Hispanic) populations. In 2000 and 2010, disparities in NO2 concentrations were larger by race-ethnicity than by income. Although the national nonwhite white mean NO2 concentration disparity decreased from a difference of 5.0 ppb in 2000 to 2.9 ppb in 2010, estimated mean NO2 concentrations remained 37% higher for nonwhites than whites in 2010 (40% higher in 2000), and nonwhites were 2.5 times more likely than whites to live in a block group with an average NO2 concentration above the WHO annual guideline in 2010 (3.0 times more likely in 2000).CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that absolute NO2 exposure disparities by race-ethnicity from 2000 to 2010, but relative NO2 exposure disparities persisted, with higher NO2 concentrations for nonwhites than whites in 2010.