Metabolic derangements and reduced survival of bile-extracted Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus)
Metabolic derangements and reduced survival of bile-extracted Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1186/s12917-019-2006-6
复制
发表时间：
2019-07-29
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
McGeachy, David
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bando, Monica Kaho Herkules;Nelson, O. Lynne;McGeachy, David
背景在中国和东南亚，目前约有 17,000 头熊被养殖以获取胆汁，主要用于传统药物。根据国家/地区的不同，每天通过经腹胆囊瘘管、留置导管或针吸术抽取胆汁。尽管声称熊不会因胆汁提取而产生不良影响，但从胆汁养殖场移出的熊中发现的健康问题包括胆汁提取部位感染、腹部疝气、腹膜炎、胆囊炎、肝肿瘤、心脏病、骨骼异常和异常行为。我们通过比较提取胆汁 (BE) 的农场的熊、未提取胆汁的农场 (FNE) 的熊与非农场圈养 (ZOO) 和散养 (FR) 环境的熊的血清生化和血液学值，对胆汁养殖的影响进行了全面评估。我们假设与所有未提取的熊组相比，BE 熊会有显着的实验室异常。我们还假设，尽管从农场中移出，与 FNE 熊相比，BE 熊的长期存活率会降低。结果与所有未提取的熊组相比，BE 熊在实验室参数中表现出最高值和最大变化（在种群水平上），特别是丙氨酸转氨酶、γ 谷氨酰转移酶 (GGT)、总胆红素 (TBIL)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALKP)、血尿素氮、肌酐 (CREA) 和总胆红素白细胞计数。考虑到季节、性别和/或年龄，熊群之间存在显着差异。与所有未拔毛的熊组相比，BE 熊表现出更高的平均血清 GGT，并且 BE 熊 TBIL 升高的几率是 BE 熊的 7.3 倍，这与肝胆疾病一致。 BE 熊的生化参数升高在获救后持续了 14 年，这与胆汁提取的长期影响一致。 CREA 和 ALKP 升高的 BE 熊的中位生存时间分别为 1 年和 4 年，无论实验室异常如何，与 FNE 熊相比，BE 熊的生存时间显着缩短。结论我们的结果提供了强有力的证据，表明胆汁提取做法不仅对熊的福利造成暂时的限制，而且会带来明显的长期不良健康后果。常规实验室小组可能对检测 BE 熊的潜在疾病程度不敏感，因为与 FNE 熊相比，无论生化评估如何，这些熊的存活率均显着降低。
BackgroundAcross China and Southeast Asia, an estimated 17,000 bears are currently farmed for bile, primarily for traditional medicines. Depending on country, bile is extracted daily via transabdominal gallbladder fistulas, indwelling catheters, or needle aspiration. Despite claims that bears do not develop adverse effects from bile extraction, health issues identified in bears removed from bile farms include bile-extraction site infections, abdominal hernias, peritonitis, cholecystitis, hepatic neoplasia, cardiac disease, skeletal abnormalities, and abnormal behaviors. We present a comprehensive assessment of the effects of bile farming by comparing serum biochemical and hematological values of bears from farms that were bile-extracted (BE) and bears from farms not bile-extracted (FNE) with bears from non-farm captive (ZOO) and free-range (FR) environments. We hypothesized BE bears would have significant laboratory abnormalities compared to all non-extracted bear groups. We also hypothesized BE bears would have reduced long-term survival compared to FNE bears despite removal from farms.ResultsBE bears exhibited the highest values and greatest variation (on a population level) in laboratory parameters compared to all non-extracted bear groups particularly for alanine transaminase, gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin (TBIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CREA), and total white blood cell count. Significant differences were detected between bear groups when accounting for season, sex, and/or age. BE bears exhibited greater mean serum GGT compared to all non-extracted bear groups, and the odds of having elevated TBIL were 7.3 times greater for BE bears, consistent with hepatobiliary disease. Biochemical parameter elevations in BE bears persisted up to 14years post-rescue, consistent with long-term effects of bile-extraction. BE bears that arrived with elevated CREA and ALKP had median survival times of 1 and 4years respectively, and regardless of laboratory abnormalities, BE bears had significantly shorter survival times compared to FNE bears.ConclusionsOur results provide strong evidence that bile extraction practices not only represent a temporary constraint for bears' welfare, but confer distinct long-term adverse health consequences. Routine laboratory panels may be insensitive to detect the extent of underlying illness in BE bears as these bears have significantly reduced survival regardless of biochemical assessment compared to FNE bears.