KIN SELECTION AND STRONG EVOLUTIONARY STABILITY OF MUTUAL HELP
KIN SELECTION AND STRONG EVOLUTIONARY STABILITY OF MUTUAL HELP
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DOI：
10.1016/0040-5809(81)90029-0
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发表时间：
1981-01-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
MOTRO, U
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
ESHEL, I;MOTRO, U
汉密尔顿(例如，1964,1970)提出的亲属选择理论源于这样一个事实，即在有性繁殖群体中，个体后代的基因不一定与父母双方的基因完全相同。因此，自然选择不能通过保留最大的山雀类型来进行。相反，它只能通过基因频率的变化来表达。汉密尔顿提出的这些变化很可能有利于那些基因，这些基因通过对携带者的影响，在下一代群体中增加预期的拷贝数量。因此，在汉密尔顿的术语中，自然选择被期望有利于增加其携带者的包容性适合度的基因(例如，汉密尔顿，1964)。更具体地说，汉密尔顿一直认为，如果为了挽救亲属关系r(见Wright，1922)，需要0&x；1的风险，那么，通过承担这种风险，个人将在其包容性适合度中增加r-x的值。因此，承担这样的风险将被选为当且仅当x；r，并且值r被期望为群体中的个人为了挽救亲属关系r而接受的最大风险。然而，这一预测并不总是与经验观察相一致，这种差异引发了对亲属选择理论的一些攻击(例如，Zahavi，1981)。例如，父母对子女的帮助几乎总是比子女对父母或兄弟姐妹的帮助更慷慨，尽管这两种情况的关联性是相同的。此外，即使在理论层面上，上述预测也不可能是正确的，例如，在一个人口过剩的孤岛上。
The theory of kin selection, as developed by Hamilton (eg, 1964, 1970) stems from the fact that in a sexually reproducing population, the genotype of a progeny of an individual is not necessarily identical to the genotype of either parent. Thus natural selection cannot operate through the preservation of the most tit type. Instead, it can only be expressed in terms of changes in gene frequencies. Such changes, as suggested by Hamilton, are likely to be in favor of those genes which, by their effect on their carriers, act to increase the expected number of their copies in the population of the next generation. Thus, in Hamilton’s terminology, natural selection is expected to favor genes which increase their carrier’s inclusive fitness (eg, Hamilton, 1964). More specifically, it has been maintained by Hamilton that if, in order to save a kin of relatedness r (see Wright, 1922), a risk of 0< x< 1 is needed, then, by taking this risk, an individual will add a value of r---x to its inclusive fitness. Taking such a risk will, therefore, be selected for if and only if x,< r, and the value r is expected to be the maximal risk accepted by an individual in a population in order to save a relative of relatedness r. This prediction is, however, not always in a satisfactory agreement with empirical observations, a discrepancy that provoked some attacks on the very theory of kin selection (eg, Zahavi, 1981). For example, parents’ help to their offspring is almost always more generous than offspring’s help to their parents or to their sibs, even though the relatedness in both cases is the same. Moreover, even on a theoretical level, the prediction mentioned above cannot possibly be true, for example, on an isolated island, overpopulated by