Smart energy, and society?
Smart energy, and society?
复制标题
智慧能源、智慧社会？
DOI：
10.1080/09537325.2014.990314
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Van Der Horst D
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Van Der Horst D
高能耗国家陷入了一种政治意识形态，认为智能能源技术是解决能源安全、成本和温室气体排放等多重危机的灵丹妙药。智能电网的概念是向低碳能源系统过渡的关键组成部分，将不断增加的间歇性电力供应（来自可再生能源）与灵活的需求（消费者）联系起来。“智能电网”概念的一个关键要素是智能电表，它通过数据生产来教育家庭和企业了解他们的能源使用情况，并训练他们自我管理需求。智能电表不仅可以在家庭或建筑规模上提供全球能源使用情况，而且理想情况下还可以在永久插入任何插座的每个电器的规模上工作。智能电表是一项关键技术，它使消费者（使用电脑、智能手机或平板电脑）能够实时跟踪自己的能源使用情况，将自己的消费与他人的消费进行比较，或以自己过去的消费为基准。它们也是一项关键技术，使生产商能够在一天内改变价格（使用时间（TOU）关税）或远程断开电器。智能电表正在50多个国家的企业和家庭中安装。欧盟政策明确规定，根据国家层面成本效益分析的积极结果，到2020年，80%的欧洲家庭应该安装智能电表。意大利、芬兰和瑞典等早期采用者已经实现并超过了这一目标，但最近欧盟委员会的一份报告表明，引入智能电表的估计成本和收益在各国之间差异很大，只有16个欧盟成员国报告了积极的商业案例。英国是期待积极商业案例的国家之一，英国政府的目标是在2015-2020年期间为家庭和小企业安装约5300万个智能电表和燃气表，总成本为110亿英镑。这项费用将由消费者承担，最初会增加家庭账单，尽管政府预计从长远来看，如果消费者使用智能电表信息来减少他们的能源使用，平均每年将节省25-40英镑。不仅政策制定者对评估这一庞大项目的成果非常感兴趣，而且公用事业和工业也对最新智能计量技术的潜在新市场以及它们可能产生的效率感兴趣。那些代表能源用户的人——家庭和企业——希望确保消费者实际上从预期的节约中受益。反智能电表运动在一些国家如雨后春笋般出现（澳大利亚、荷兰、加利福尼亚、英国），质疑消费者是否会看到减少的账单，并提出了担忧
High-energy-consuming nations are caught up in the political ideology of smart energy technologies as a panacea for the combined crises of energy security, cost and greenhouse gas emissions. The idea of the smart grid is presented to us as a key component in the transition to a low-carbon energy system, linking increasing intermittent supplies of electricity (from renewable sources) with flexible demand (consumers). A key element of the ‘smart grid’concept is the smart meter, which through data production is supposed to educate households and businesses about their energy use, and to train them in self-management of demand. The smart meter is expected to work not only at the household or building scale to give a global picture of energy use, but also ideally at the scale of each electrical appliance that is permanently plugged into any socket. Smart meters are a key technology to enable consumers (using computers, smart phones or tablets) to track their energy use in real time, to compare their consumption with that of others or to benchmark against their own past consumption. They are also a key technology to enable producers to change their prices over the course of a day (Time Of Use (TOU) tariffs) or disconnect appliances remotely.Smart meters are being installed in businesses and households in over 50 countries. EU policy specifies that subject to positive findings from a cost-benefit analysis at the national level, 80% of European households should be smart metered by 2020. This target has already been achieved and surpassed by early adopters such as Italy, Finland and Sweden, but a recent European Commission 1 report suggests that the estimated costs and benefits of smart meter introduction vary greatly between countries, with a positive business case reported for only 16 EU member states. The UK is amongst the countries anticipating a positive business case and the UK government is aiming to install some 53 million smart electricity and gas meters into homes and small businesses in the period 2015–2020, at a total cost of£ 11 billion pounds. This cost will be charged to the consumers, initially raising household bills, although the government anticipates that in the longer run, the average consumer will be saving some£ 25–40/year if they use the smart meter information to reduce their energy use. 2 Not only is there a strong interest amongst policy-makers in assessing the outcomes of this huge programme, but there is also interest from the utilities and industry, in potential new markets for the latest smart metering technologies and for capturing the efficiencies they may generate. Those representing energy users–householders and businesses–wish to ensure that consumers do in practice benefit from the predicted savings. Anti-smart metering campaigns have sprung up in several countries (Australia, Netherlands, California, the UK), questioning if consumers will see reduced bills and raising concerns