Short- and long--term effects of habitat fragmentation differ but are predicted by response to the matrix
Short- and long--term effects of habitat fragmentation differ but are predicted by response to the matrix
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DOI：
10.1002/ecy.1704
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发表时间：
2017-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Davies, Kendi F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evans, Maldwyn J.;Banks, Sam C.;Davies, Kendi F.
生境丧失和破碎化是对生物多样性和生态系统进程的主要威胁。我们目前对栖息地丧失和破碎化影响的理解主要基于侧重于短期或长期反应的研究。短期反应通常用于预测长期反应和做出管理决策。缺乏对碎片化的短期和长期反应进行比较的研究，意味着我们没有充分了解短期反应何时以及如何能够外推以预测长期反应，以及何时或为什么不能。为了解决这一差距，我们使用了世界上运行时间最长的碎片化实验之一的数据，Wog Wog栖息地碎片化实验。使用的数据步甲，我们发现，在长期（超过22年后的碎片化近似22代）的反应往往与那些在短期内（5年后的碎片化）显着对比。所有步甲的总丰度，物种丰富度和6种的出现在短期内下降的片段，但在长期增加。三个物种的发生率最初下降，并继续下降，而另一个物种最初受到积极影响，但在长期内下降。物种的反应，围绕片段的矩阵强烈预测的方向（增加/减少发生）和幅度的响应破碎。此外，物种对矩阵的反应在某种程度上是由它们对不同类型的原生栖息地（开放与阴影）的偏好预测的。我们的研究强调了基质在破碎景观中的影响程度，以及这种影响如何随着时间的推移而变化。我们敦促谨慎使用短期反应来预测长期反应的情况下，矩阵（1）影响物种对破碎化的反应（通过隔离它们，创造新的栖息地或改变碎片栖息地）和（2）可能会随着时间的推移而改变。
Habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Our current understanding of the impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation is based largely on studies that focus on either short-term or long-term responses. Short-term responses are often used to predict long-term responses and make management decisions. The lack of studies comparing short-and long-term responses to fragmentation means we do not adequately understand when and how well short-term responses can be extrapolated to predict long-term responses, and when or why they cannot. To address this gap, we used data from one of the world's longest-running fragmentation experiments, The Wog Wog Habitat Fragmentation Experiment. Using data for carabid beetles, we found that responses in the long term (more than 22 yr post-fragmentation approximate to 22 generations) often contrasted markedly with those in the short term (5 yr post-fragmentation). The total abundance of all carabids, species richness and the occurrence of six species declined in the short term in the fragments but increased over the long term. The occurrence of three species declined initially and continued to decline, whilst another species was positively affected initially but decreased in the long term. Species' responses to the matrix that surrounds the fragments strongly predicted both the direction (increase/decline in occurrence) and magnitude of their responses to fragmentation. Additionally, species' responses to the matrix were somewhat predicted by their preferences for different types of native habitat (open vs. shaded). Our study highlights the degree of the matrix's influence in fragmented landscapes, and how this influence can change over time. We urge caution in using short-term responses to forecast long-term responses in cases where the matrix (1) impacts species' responses to fragmentation (by isolating them, creating new habitat or altering fragment habitat) and (2) is likely to change through time.