Asking and Answering
Asking and Answering
复制标题
提问与回答
DOI：
10.1086/294118
复制
发表时间：
1956
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Benney
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Riesman;M. Benney
很少有工商界的人参加正式面试，而他们中的大多数可能在人事部门。他们包括从事招聘和最终面试的人，从事咨询工作的人，以及在从事”机密”工作的公司中参与安全法规和筛选的人。但是，在商业中，就像在社会生活中一样，每个人都在不断地提问和回答问题，不管这个过程是否被正式化并被称为”面试“。“从某种意义上说，去向老板要求加薪的人就是面试--也是被面试。问下属关于下属的问题的老板是在面试他的下属也会想知道怎么回事，因此也会面试他。事实上，我们预计读者可能会想到那些旨在将重要信息从下属传递到上级的问题和采访。正是因为面试。作为一种最近发展起来的获取信息的正式手段，它逐渐消失在最随意的交流和交谈中，我们希望把我们的网撒得更广，并将商业世界中关于发生在工厂大门和百货公司办公室之外的人类事件的信息流纳入讨论过程。提问和回答问题是一件简单而微妙的事情，我们将集中精力于微妙之处。然而，其中一些问题并不令人惊讶：例如，我们都知道，老板和妻子一样，并不总是听到完整的故事;而且，在这两种情况下，他们问的问题越多，他们可能得到的信息就越不可靠。老板和妻子在使普通人的生活痛苦或幸福方面所起的作用可能是相等的，如果他们得到的答案有点相似，尽管他们每个人提出的问题不同，我们可能会得出结论，这涉及到共同的因素。我们将研究其中的一些问题。*本文是根据1954年5月在圣路易斯与Stix、Baer和Fuller设计委员会的一次谈话发展而来的。关于这些主题的工作得到了基金会精神病学研究基金的支持。与设计委员会的一系列会谈是在芝加哥大学劳资关系中心的主持下进行的。t芝加哥大学社会科学（学院）和社会学教授。
NLY a few people in business and industry are engaged in formal interviewing-and most of these would be likely to be located in the personnel department. They include people doing hiring and terminal interviews, people doing counseling, and, in companies doing" classified" work, people involved in security regulations and screening. But everyone in business-as in social life generally-is asking and answering questions all the time, whether or not this process is formalized and termed" an interview." The man who goes to ask the boss for a raise is, in a sense, interviewing-and being interviewed. The boss who asked his subordinates about their subordinates is interviewing-and his subordinates will want to know what's up and hence will be interviewing him. Indeed, we anticipate that the reader is likely to have in mind just those questions and interviews which are designed to pass important information up the organizational ladder from subordinate to superior. Precisely because the interview. as a recently developed formal device for getting information, shades off into the most casual interchange and conversation, we wish to cast our net wide and will draw into the course of discussion the flow of information in the business world on human events that occur beyond the factory gate and the department-store office. Asking and answering questions is at once a simple and a subtle affair, and we shall concentrate on the subtleties. Some of these will come, however, as no surprise: we all of us know, for example, that bosses, like wives, don't always hear the full story; and, in both cases, that the more questions they ask, the less reliable the information they are likely to get. Bosses and wives probably have about an equal share in making the life of the average man miserable or happy, and, if they get somewhat similar kinds of answers in spite of the different kinds of questions they each ask, we may con-clude that common factors are involved. It is for some of these that we shall look.* This paper has been developed from a talk to the Design Committee of Stix, Baer, and Fuller in St. Louis, May, 1954. Work on these topics has been supported by the Foundation's Fund for Research in Psychiatry. The series of talks to the Design Committee was under the auspices of the Industrial Relations Center of the University of Chicago. t Professor of social sciences (College) and soci-ology, University of Chicago.