Perceptual learning produces perceptual objects.
Perceptual learning produces perceptual objects.
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DOI：
10.1037/xlm0000735
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发表时间：
2020-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Wenger;S. Rhoten
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Wenger;S. Rhoten
在他们对国际象棋专业知识的开创性研究中，西蒙和蔡斯（Chase & Simon，1973；Simon & Chase，1973）提出，感知学习是技能习得的必要组成部分。在他们看来，技能的获得源于战略性地利用多个层次的学习来适应性地克服固有的局限性。根据西蒙和蔡斯的说法，通过感知学习获得的知识被称为“组块”，这些知识支持日益复杂的感知辨别过程。该块被概念化为一组有意义的复杂特征，抽象了感知对象的概念。 Simon 和 Chase 进一步建议，有意义的块组合可以组合起来形成配置（Simon & Chase，1973，p.399）。本研究通过用两种形式元理论构建组块的概念来解决这一问题，一种是解决表征问题（Ashby & Townsend，1986），另一种是解决处理问题（Townsend & Nozawa，1995），并测试感知学习产生有组织的感知对象（组块）的预测。两项实验结合了行为和脑电图（EEG）测量，表明感知学习产生（a）从感知独立性和可分离性到违反可分离性的转变，以及（b）从有限容量串行处理到超级容量并行处理的转变。这两个实验的证据都是强有力且一致的：感知学习确实会引发组块——感知对象的产生，以及感知专业知识的基础。 （PsycINFO 数据库记录 (c) 2019 APA，保留所有权利）。
In their seminal study of chess expertise, Simon and Chase (Chase & Simon, 1973; Simon & Chase, 1973) proposed that perceptual learning was a necessary component of skill acquisition. In their view, acquisition of skill results from the strategic use of learning at multiple levels to adaptively overcome inherent limitations. The knowledge acquired by way of perceptual learning that supported increasingly sophisticated perceptual discrimination processes, according to Simon and Chase, was referred to as a chunk. The chunk was conceptualized as a meaningful complex set of features that abstracted the notion of a perceptual object. Simon and Chase further suggested that meaningful combinations of chunks could be combined to form configurations (Simon & Chase, 1973, p. 399). The present study addresses this idea by framing the notion of a chunk in terms of two formal metatheories, one that addresses representation (Ashby & Townsend, 1986) and one that addresses processing (Townsend & Nozawa, 1995), and tests the prediction that perceptual learning produces organized perceptual objects (chunks). Two experiments combine behavioral and electroencephelographic (EEG) measures to show that perceptual learning produces (a) a shift from perceptual independence and separability to violations of separability, and (b) shifts from limited-capacity serial processing to supercapacity parallel processing. The evidence from both experiments is strong and consistent: perceptual learning does indeed induce chunking-the production of perceptual objects, and the foundation of perceptual expertise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).