Australian Tooth-Size Clines and the Death of a Stereotype [and Comments and Reply]
Australian Tooth-Size Clines and the Death of a Stereotype [and Comments and Reply]
复制标题
澳大利亚牙齿大小的遗传和刻板印象的消亡[以及评论和回复]
作者：
C. Brace;T. Brown;G. Townsend;E. F. Harris;W. Howells;J. Huizinga;T. S. Constandse;E. Hunt;R. Koritzer;A. Lombardi;C. Meiklejohn;M. Pietrusewsky;C. Preston;R. H. Roydhouse;L. E. St Hoyme;C. G. Turner
澳大利亚的牙齿尺寸从昆士兰州北部约克角半岛的最小尺寸到墨累盆地的最大尺寸。现有数据表明，最早的澳大利亚人拥有较大的下巴和牙齿，随后较小牙齿尺寸的基因从东北角进入澳大利亚，这一模型与多种文化和技术项目传播的证据一致。虽然证据充其量只是暂时的，但它与澳大利亚境外出现了更发达的食物制备技术，从而使牙齿减少的情况相一致。这些元素向澳大利亚的传播可能以全新世早期小工具传统的涌入为标志，并且可能是通过相关的资源利用技术得以实现的，这些技术促进了以前稀疏利用的地区（例如中部沙漠和沿海边缘）的生存。这可以解释从东海岸到约克角到西部沙漠可见的牙齿尺寸梯度。澳大利亚最大的牙齿恰好存在于那些最有利于人类居住的地区，人们预计最早的居民的遗传贡献在这些地区得到最显着的体现。塔斯马尼亚显然与澳大利亚东南部有着密切的关系。最初被占领后，澳大利亚不断受到来自北方的文化生物影响，而不是成为特定浪潮、移民或入侵的容器。
Tooth size in Australia ran from a minimum in the Cape York Peninsula of northern Queensland to a maximum in the Murray Basin. The available data suggest that the earliest Australians possessed large jaws and teeth and that subsequently genes for smaller tooth size entered Australia from the northeast corner a model which is consistent with the evidence for the spread of a variety of cultural and technological items. While the evidence is tentative at best, it is consistent with the view that more developed food-preparation techniques had ocurred outside of Australia, allowing dental reduction to occur. The spread of these elements into Australia may be symbolized by the influx of the small-tool tradition early in the Holocene, and it may have been made possible by associated resource-utilization techniques that promote survival in areas previously sparsely utilized, such as the central desert and the coastal margins. This would account for the tooth-size gradient visible down the east coast and from Cape York to the western desert. The largest teeth in Australia survived in just those areas most favorable to human habitation where one would expect the genetic contribution of the earliest inhabitants to be most prominently represented. Tasmanian affinities are clearly with southeastern Australia. After initial occupation, Australia was subject to a continuous trickle of cultural-biological influence from the north rather than having been the receptacle for specific waves, migrations, or invasions.